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InfoMagic Standards 1994 January
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InfoMagic Standards - January 1994.iso
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ccitt
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1988
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5_1_01.tro
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1991-12-13
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.rs
.\" Troff code generated by TPS Convert from ITU Original Files
.\" Not Copyright ( c) 1991
.\"
.\" Assumes tbl, eqn, MS macros, and lots of luck.
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delim @@
.EN
.nr LL 40.5P
.nr ll 40.5P
.nr HM 3P
.nr FM 6P
.nr PO 4P
.nr PD 9p
.po 4P
.rs
\v | 5i'
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\v'12P'
\s12PART\ I
\v'4P'
.RT
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fBSeries P Recommendations\fR \v'2P'
.EF '% \ \ \ ^''
.OF ''' \ \ \ ^ %'
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fBTELEPHONE\ TRANSMISSION\ QUALITY\fR
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.LP
.rs
.sp 28P
.LP
.bp
.LP
.rs
.sp 10P
.LP
.EF '% \ \ \ ^''
.OF ''' \ \ \ ^ %'
.LP
\fBMONTAGE:\ \fR PAGE 2 = PAGE BLANCHE
.sp 1P
.RT
.LP
.bp
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\v'3P'
SECTION\ 1
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fBVOCABULARY\fR
.ce 0
.ce 1000
\fBAND\fR
.ce 0
.ce 1000
\fBEFFECTS\ OF\ TRANSMISSION\ PARAMETERS\ ON\ CUSTOMER\ OPINION\fR
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fBOF\ TRANSMISSION\ QUALITY\ AND\ THEIR\ ASSESSMENT\fR
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.sp 2P
.LP
\fBRecommendation\ P.10\fR
.RT
.sp 2P
.ce 1000
\fBVOCABULARY\ OF\ TERMS\ ON\ TELEPHONE\ TRANSMISSION\fR
.EF '% Volume\ V\ \(em\ Rec.\ P.10''
.OF '''Volume\ V\ \(em\ Rec.\ P.10 %'
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fBQUALITY\ AND\ TELEPHONE\ SETS\fR
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fI(Geneva, 1980; amended at Malaga\(hyTorremolinos, 1984; Melbourne, 1988)\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.LP
\fB1\fR \fBIntroduction\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
This Recommendation contains terms and definitions appropriate to the work
of Study Group\ XII which were discussed within the Group of Experts\ N
of the Joint Coordinating Group for the CCIs and the IEC.
.PP
Terms which appear in the International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV)
(Chapter\ 722) have their IEV number reproduced here for reference
purposes. Terms of the CCITT have been classified in a manner similar to
that used in the IEV.
.RT
.LP
\fB2\fR \fBTerms and definitions\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
02.
\fITelephone set components\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
02.01
\fBY\(hyratio\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIrapport Y\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIrelaci\*'on\ Y\fR
.PP
The ratio between the sending and receiving efficiencies of a
passive \fItelephone set\fR circuit.
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
04.
\fITelephone set types\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
04.01
\fBtelephone set; telephone instrument\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIposte t\*'el\*'ephonique: appareil t\*'el\*'ephonique; t\*'el\*'ephone\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIaparato telef\*'onico; tel\*'efono\fR
.PP
An assembly of apparatus for \fItelephony\fR | ncluding at least a
\fItelephone transmitter\fR , a \fItelephone receiver\fR and the wiring
and components immediately associated with these transducers.
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ A telephone set usually includes other components such
as a \fIswitchhook\fR , a built\(hyin \fItelephone bell\fR , and a \fIdial\fR
.
.RT
.LP
722.04.01
.bp
.ad r
.ad b
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
04.02
\fBtelephone station\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIposte t\*'el\*'ephonique (install\*'e)\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIestaci\*'on telef\*'onica\fR
.PP
A \fItelephone set\fR | ith associated wiring and auxiliary equipment
connected to a \fItelephone network\fR for the purpose of \fItelephony\fR
.
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ The auxiliary equipment may include, for example, an
external \fIcall indicating device\fR , a protector, a \fIlocal battery\fR
.
.RT
.ad r
722.04.02
.ad b
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
04.03
\fBloudspeaking (telephone) set\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIposte (t\*'el\*'ephonique) \*`a \*'ecoute (ou r\*'eception)
amplifi\*'ee\fR \fIsur haut\(hyparleur\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIaparato telef\*'onico con altavoz; tel\*'efono de altavoz\fR
.PP
A handset \fItelephone\fR | sing a \fIloudspeaker\fR | ssociated with
an amplifier as a \fItelephone receiver\fR .
.RT
.ad r
722.04.10
.ad b
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
04.04
\fBhands free (telephone) set\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIposte (t\*'el\*'ephonique) mains\(hylibres\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIaparato telef\*'onico manos libres; tel\*'efono manos\fR
\fIlibres\fR
.PP
A \fItelephone set\fR | sing a loudspeaker associated with an
amplifier as a telephone receiver and which may be used without a
handset.
.RT
.ad r
722.04.11
.ad b
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
04.05
\fBgroup\(hyaudio terminals\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIterminal audio de communication de groupe\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIterminal audio de groupo\fR
.PP
A hands free set primarily designed for use by several
users.
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
05.
\fITelephone set accessories\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
05.01
\fBacoustic shock suppressor (in telephony)\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIanti\(hychoc (en t\*'el\*'ephonie)\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIsupresor de choques ac\*'usticos; antichoque (en\fR
\fItelefon\*'ia)\fR
.PP
A device associated with a \fItelephone station\fR | nd intended to
prevent \fIacoustic shocks\fR , by setting an upper limit to the absolute
values of the instantaneous electrical voltage that can be applied to the
\fItelephone\fR
\fIearphone\fR .
.RT
.ad r
722.05.07
.ad b
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
13.
\fIPrivate telephone systems\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
13.01
\fBprivate (telephone) installation\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIinstallation (t\*'el\*'ephonique) int\*'erieure\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIinstalaci\*'on telef\*'onica privada\fR
.PP
A \fItelephone network\fR | nstalled on the premises of a single
individual or organization.
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ By convention, private telephone installations include
sets of \fItelephone stations\fR which are connected to one \fIsubscriber's
line\fR
.RT
.LP
722.13.01
.bp
.ad r
.ad b
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
21.
\fITelephone calls description\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
21.01
\fBcall attempt (by a user)\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fI(tentative d')appel (par un usager)\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fI(tentativa de) llamada (por un usuario)\fR
.PP
A sequence of operations made by a user of a telecommunication
network trying to obtain the desired user or service.
.PP
Associated term: to \fIcall\fR
.RT
.ad r
722.21.01; identical to 701.03.04
.ad b
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
21.02
\fBconnection\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIcha\* | ne de connexion\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIcadena de conexi\*'on; conexi\*'on\fR
.PP
A temporary association of transmission channels or
telecommunication circuits, switching and other functional units set up to
provide the means of a transfer of information between two or more points
in a telecommunication network.
.RT
.ad r
722.21.02; identical to 701.03.01
.ad b
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
21.03
\fB(complete) connection\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIcha\* | ne de connexion compl\*`ete; (chemin de)\fR
\fIcommunication\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIcadena de conexi\*'on completa; conexi\*'on completa\fR
.PP
A \fIconnection\fR | etween users' terminals.
.RT
.ad r
722.21.03; identical to 701.03.02
.ad b
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
21.04
\fBcall\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIcommunication\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIcomunicaci\*'on\fR
.PP
The establishment and use of a \fIcomplete connection\fR | ollowing a
\fIcall attempt\fR
.RT
.ad r
722.21.04; identical to 701.03.05
.ad b
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
31.
\fILocal line networks\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
31.01
\fBlocal line network\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIr\*'eseau local de lignes (t\*'el\*'ephoniques)\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIred local de l\*'ineas (telef\*'onicas)\fR
.PP
All the \fIsubscribers' telephone lines\fR | nd ancillary equipment
provided to connect \fIsubscribers\fR to their \fIlocal switching entity\fR .
.RT
.ad r
722.31.01
.ad b
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
31.02
\fBsubscriber's (telephone) line; subscriber loop (in telephony)\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIligne (t\*'el\*'ephonique) d'abonn\*'e; ligne (de) r\*'eseau\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIl\*'inea (telef\*'onica) de abonado; bucle de abonado\fR
\fI(en telefon\*'ia)\fR
.PP
A link between a public \fIswitching entity\fR | nd a \fItelephone\fR
\fIstation\fR | r a \fIprivate telephone installation\fR or another terminal
using
signals compatible with the \fItelephone network\fR .
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ In French, the term \*Qligne de r\*'eseau\*U is used
only when the private telephone installation is a \fIprivate branch exchange\fR
or an \fIinternal\fR \fItelephone system\fR .
.RT
.LP
722.31.02
.bp
.ad r
.ad b
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
31.03
\fBlocal (telephone) system; local (telephone) circuit\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIsyst\*`eme (t\*'el\*'ephonique) local; circuit (t\*'el\*'ephonique)\fR
\fIlocal\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIsistema (telef\*'onico) local\fR
.PP
The combination of \fIsubscriber's station\fR , \fIsubscriber's line\fR |
and \fIfeeding bridge\fR | if present.
.PP
\fINote 1\fR \ \(em\ This term is used in the context of \fItransmission\fR |
planning and \fIperformance\fR .
.PP
\fINote 2\fR \ \(em\ In CCITT English texts, the term \*Qlocal (telephone)
system\*U is preferred.
.RT
.ad r
722.42.16
.ad b
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
31.04
\fBsubscriber system (in transmission planning)\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIsyst\*`eme d'abonn\*'e\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIsistema de abonado\fR
.PP
A \fIsubscriber's line\fR | ssociated with that part of the \fIprivate\fR
\fItelephone installation\fR | onnected to this line during a telephone
\fIcall\fR .
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ This term is used in the context of \fItransmission\fR
| planning and \fIperformance\fR .
.RT
.ad r
722.42.17
.ad b
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
32.
\fITelephone station usage\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
32.01
\fBacoustic hood\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIabri t\*'el\*'ephonique; abriphone\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIcabina ac\*'ustica; burbuja ac\*'ustica\fR
.PP
A hood lined with sound\(hyabsorbing material to facilitate the use of
a \fItelephone station\fR | by reducing the \fIambient noise\fR level.
.RT
.ad r
722.32.03
.ad b
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
32.02
\fBtelephone booth\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIcabine t\*'el\*'ephonique\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIcabina telef\*'onica cerrada\fR
.PP
A small cabin containing a \fItelephone station\fR | nd providing a
certain measure of acoustic insulation and privacy for the user.
.RT
.ad r
722.32.04
.ad b
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
32.03
\fBtelephone stall\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIcabine t\*'el\*'ephonique ouverte\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIcabina telef\*'onica abierta\fR
.PP
A \fItelephone booth\fR | ithout a door.
.RT
.ad r
722.32.05
.ad b
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
41.
\fITransmission performance\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
41.01
\fBacoustic shock (in telephony)\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIchoc acoustique (en t\*'el\*'ephonie)\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIchoque ac\*'ustico (en telefon\*'ia)\fR
.PP
Any temporary or permanent disturbance of the functioning of the ear, or
of the nervous system, which may be caused to the user of a \fItelephone\fR
\fIearphone\fR by a sudden sharp rise in the acoustic pressure produced
by it.
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ An acoustic shock usually results from the occurrence, in
abnormal circumstances, of short\(hylived high voltages at the terminals of a
\fItelephone set\fR .
.RT
.LP
722.41.20
.bp
.ad r
.ad b
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
41.02
\fBopinion score (in telephony)\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fInote d'opinion (en t\*'el\*'ephonie)\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fInota de opini\*'on (en telefon\*'ia)\fR
.PP
The value on a predefined scale that a subject assigns to his
opinion of the performance of the telephone transmission system used either
for conversation or only for listening to spoken material.
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ According to the IEV, the scale generally consists of five
values, for example: excellent, good, fair, bad, unfair. This example does
not correspond to CCITT practice (see Notes\ 2 and\ 3 of Recommendation\
P.82).
.RT
.ad r
722.41.24
.ad b
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
42.
\fIMeasuring apparatus\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
42.01
\fBacoustic coupler (in telephonometry)\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIcoupleur acoustique (en t\*'el\*'ephonom\*'etrie)\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIacoplador ac\*'ustico (en telefonometr\*'ia)\fR
.PP
A cavity of defined shape and volume used for the testing of
\fItelephone earphones\fR | r \fItelephone transmitters\fR in conjunction
with a
calibrated microphone adapted to measure the pressure developed within the
cavity.
.RT
.ad r
722.42.12
.ad b
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
42.02
\fBartificial ear\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIoreille artificielle\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIo\*'ido artificial\fR
.PP
A device for the calibration of earphones incorporating an
\fIacoustic coupler\fR | and a calibrated microphone for the measurement
of sound
pressure and having an overall acoustic impedance similar to that of the
average human ear over a given frequency band.
.RT
.ad r
722.42.13
.ad b
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
42.03
\fBartificial mouth\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIbouche artificielle\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIboca artificial\fR
.PP
A device consisting of a \fIloudspeaker\fR | ounted in an enclosure
and having a directivity and radiation pattern similar to those of the
average human mouth.
.RT
.ad r
722.42.14
.ad b
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
42.04
\fBartificial voice\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIvoix artificielle\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIvoz artificial\fR
.PP
A mathematically defined signal which reproduces human speech
characteristics, relevant to the characterisation of linear and nonlinear
telecommunication systems. It is intended to give a satisfactory correlation
between objective measurements and tests with real speech.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
42.05
\fBartificial voice\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIvoix artificielle\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIvoz artificial\fR
.PP
A complex sound, usually emitted by an artificial mouth and having a power
sound spectrum corresponding to that of the average human voice.
.RT
.LP
722.42.15
.bp
.ad r
.ad b
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
42.06
\fBelectrical artificial voice\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIvoix artificielle \*'electrique\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIvoz artificial el\*'ectrica\fR
.PP
The artificial voice produced as an electric signal, for testing transmission
channels or other electric devices.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
42.07
\fBacoustic artificial voice\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIvoix artificielle acoustique\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIvoz artificial ac\*'ustica\fR
.PP
Acoustic signal at the MRP (Mouth Reference Point) of the
artificial mouth. It complies with the same time and spectral specifications
as the electrical artificial voice.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
42.08
\fBartificial mouth excitation signal\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIsignal d'excitation de la bouche artificielle\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIse\o"n~"al de excitaci\*'on de la boca artificial\fR
.PP
A signal applied to the artificial mouth in order to produce the acoustic
artificial voice. It is obtained by equalizing the electrical
artificial voice for compensating the sensitivity/frequency characteristic
of the mouth.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
42.09
\fBhead and torso simulator (HATS)\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIsimulateur de t\* | te et de torse (STET)\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIsimulador de cabera y tronco (SCT)\fR
.PP
Manikin extending downward from the top of the head to the waist, designed
to simulate the acoustic diffraction produced by a median adult and to
reproduce the acoustic field generated by the human mouth.
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
43.
\fITelephonometry\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
43.01
\fBreference equivalent\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fI\*'equivalent de r\*'ef\*'erence\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIequivalente de referencia\fR
.PP
The loss, expressed in decibels, constant at all frequencies
transmitted, which has to be introduced into the new \fIfundamental system
for\fR \fIthe determination of reference equivalents\fR or NOSFER in order
to obtain in a given direction the same \fIloudness\fR as the \fIcomplete
telephone connection\fR
being considered, the \fIacoustical speech power\fR emitted by the talker
being the same in both cases.
.PP
\fINote 1\fR \ \(em\ The reference equivalent is positive or negative according
to whether it has been necessary for a loss to be added or removed from
the
NOSFER.
.PP
\fINote 2\fR \ \(em\ The reference equivalent is strictly defined by the
measuring method described in Recommendation\ P.72 \fI(Red Book)\fR .
.RT
.ad r
722.43.14
.ad b
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
43.02
\fBcorrected reference equivalents\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fI\*'equivalents de r\*'ef\*'erence corrig\*'es (ERC)\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIequivalentes de referencia corregidos (ERC)\fR
.PP
Values of sending or receiving \fIreference equivalent\fR | onverted by
a defined, nonlinear, transformation into corresponding values that obey
the laws of algebraic addition.
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ The conversion is performed to avoid some of the difficulties
experienced in applying \fIreference equivalents\fR . It is defined in
Annex\ C to
Recommendation\ G.111.
.RT
.LP
722.43.17
.bp
.ad r
.ad b
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
43.03
\fBloudness rating\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fI\*'equivalent pour la sonie\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fI\*'indice de sonoridad\fR
.PP
A measure, expressed in decibels, for characterizing the
\fIloudness\fR | erformance of \fIcomplete telephone connections\fR or
of parts thereof such as \fIsending system\fR , \fIline\fR , \fIreceiving
system\fR .
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ (added by the CCITT) \(em This definition is very general
and
corresponds to what is described as \fIloudness loss\fR in CCITT texts;
in those
texts, the term \*Qloudness rating\*U should be confined to measurements in
conformity with Recommendation\ P.76, and may be abbreviated as LR.
.RT
.ad r
722.43.25
.ad b
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
43.04
\fBR25 equivalent\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fI\*'equivalent R25\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIequivalente R25\fR
.PP
Loudness loss determined as a \fIreference equivalent\fR | n
accordance with Recommendation\ P.72 \fI(Red Book)\fR , except that the
listening
level is constant, corresponding to 25\ dB in NOSFER.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
43.05
\fBplanning equivalent\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fI\*'equivalent de planification\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIequivalente de planificaci\*'on\fR
.PP
Result of a measurement with an objective meter which may be
considered equal to an \fIR25 equivalent\fR or to a \fIcorrected reference\fR
\fIequivalent\fR with an accuracy which is sufficient for planning
purposes.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
43.06
\fBband sensation level\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIniveau de sensation dans la bande\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fInivel de sensaci\*'on en la banda\fR
.PP
Difference, expressed in decibels, between the sound integrated
over a frequency band and the sound pressure level in that band at the
threshold of audibility, there being no other disturbing sound.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
43.07
\fBearcap reference plane\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIplan de r\*'ef\*'erence \*'ecouteur\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIplano de referencia auricular\fR
.PP
That plane formed by the contacting points of a flat surface
against a telephone earcap.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
43.08
\fBearcap reference point (ECRP)\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIpoint de r\*'ef\*'erence \*'ecouteur (PRE)\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIpunto de referencia auricular (PRA)\fR
.PP
Point in the \fIearcap reference plane\fR , used as a reference
parameter.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
43.09
\fBear reference point (ERP)\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIpoint de r\*'ef\*'erence oreille (PRO)\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIpunto de referencia o\*'ido (PRO)\fR
.PP
A point located at the entrance to the ear canal of the
listener's ear. (See figure A\(hy1/P.64).
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
43.10
\fBearphone coupling loss (LfR\(da\fBE)\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIaffaiblissement de couplage de l'\*'ecouteur (L\fI
.EF '% \fIE)''
.OF '''\fIE) %'
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIp\*'erdida de acoplamiento del auricular (L\fI
.EF '% \fIE)''
.OF '''\fIE) %'
.PP
That quantity defined as the receiving sensitivity of a handset
(usually as a function of frequency) when applied to an artificial ear minus
the receiving sensitivity of the same handset on a human ear.
.bp
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
43.11
\fB\(*D\fR \fI\fI\d\fIS\fR\\d\fIM\fR\u\fB(DELSM)\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \(*D\fI\fI\d\fIS\fR\u
.EF '% \fIM\ (DELSM)''
.OF '''\fIM\ (DELSM) %'
.LP
\fIS:\fR \(*D\fI\fI\d\fIS\fR\u
.EF '% \fIM\ (DELSM)''
.OF '''\fIM\ (DELSM) %'
.PP
Delta \fI\fI\d\fIS\fR\\d\fIM\fR\u | is defined as the difference between
the sending sensitivity of a telephone set using a real mouth and voice,
\fIS\fR\d\fIM\fR\\d\fIJ\fR\u, and that using a diffuse room noise source
\fIS
\dMJ\fR /\fIRN
\u\fR , such
that:
\v'6p'
.RT
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\(*D\fI\fI\d\fIS\fR\\d\fIM\fR\u= \fIS
\dMJ\fR /\fIRN
\u\fR \(em \fIS\fR\d\fIM\fR\\d\fIJ\fR\udB.
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.PP
.sp 1
(See also Recommendations P.11, P.64, P.76, P.79, Supplement No.\ 11 and
the Handbook on Telephonometry.)
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ For most practical purposes \(*D\fI\fI\d\fIS\fR\\d\fIM\fR\u |
will be closely
approximated by the quantity \(*D\fI\fI\d\fIS\fR\\d\fIm\fR\uwhich is easier
to determine.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
43.12
\fB\(*D\fR \fI\fI\d\fIS\fR\\d\fIm\fR\u\fB(DELSm)\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \(*D\fI\fI\d\fIS\fR\u
.EF '% \fIm\ (DELSm)''
.OF '''\fIm\ (DELSm) %'
.LP
\fIS:\fR \(*D\fI\fI\d\fIS\fR\u
.EF '% \fIm\ (DELSm)''
.OF '''\fIm\ (DELSm) %'
.PP
Delta \fI\fI\d\fIS\fR\\d\fIm\fR\u | is defined as the difference between
the sending sensitivity of a telephone set using an artifical mouth \fIS\fR\d\fIm\fR\\d\fIJ\fR\u,
and that using a diffuse room noise source \fIS
\dmJ\fR /\fIRN
\u\fR , such
that:
\v'6p'
.RT
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\(*D\fI\fI\d\fIS\fR\\d\fIM\fR\u= \fIS
\dMJ\fR /\fIRN
\u\fR \(em \fIS\fR\d\fIm\fR\\d\fIJ\fR\udB.
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.PP
.sp 1
(See also Recommendations P.11, P.64, P.76, P.79, Supplement No.\ 11 and
the Handbook on Tele
phonometry.)
.sp 1P
.LP
43.13
\fBlip plane\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIposition \*'equivalente des l\*`evres\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIposici\*'on equivalente de los labios\fR
.PP
Outer plane of the lip ring.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
43.14
\fBlip ring\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIanneau de garde (pour les l\*`evres)\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIanillo de labios\fR
.PP
Circular ring of thin rigid rod, used for localizing the equivalent lip
position of artificial mouths.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
43.15
\fBguard\(hyring\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIanneau de garde\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIanillo de guarda\fR
.PP
Annular ring fitted, during tests, onto the transmitter housing of a telephone
handset, to localize the sound source in a prescribed position
relative to the microphone.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
43.16
\fBmetre air path\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fItrajet d'un m\*`etre \*`a l'air libre\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fItrayecto de un metro en el aire\fR
.PP
Measured reference of sound pressure loss over a 1\ metre air path. In
an anechoic environment, the sound pressure attenuation of such a path
is
approximately 30\ dB measured from the MRP.
.bp
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
43.17
\fBmodal distance\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIdistance modale\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIdistancia modal\fR
.PP
Distance between the centre of the microphone protective grid or front
sound opening on a handset, and the centre of the guard\(hyring.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
43.18
\fBmodal gauge\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIjauge modale\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIcalibre modal\fR
.PP
Template used to check a guard\(hyring position on a handset relative to
the receiver \fIearcap reference plane\fR .
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
43.19
\fBmodal position\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIposition modale\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIposici\*'on modal\fR
.PP
Prescribed position and inclination of a handset relative to a
fixed sound source.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
43.20
\fBmouth reference point (MRP)\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIpoint de r\*'ef\*'erence bouche (PRB)\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIpunto de referencia boca (PRB)\fR
.PP
Point 25\ mm in front of and on the axis of the lip position of a typical
human mouth (or artificial mouth) (see Figure\ A\(hy1/P.64).
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
43.21
\fBzero sidetone line impedance (ZfR\(da\fBSfR\(da\fB0)\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIimp\*'edance de ligne \*`a effet local nul\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIimpedancia de l\*'inea de efecto local nulo (Z\fI\d\fIS\fR\\d0\u\fI)\fR
.PP
That circuit impedance which, when connected across the terminals of a
telephone set, causes the sidetone to be reduced to zero.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
43.22
\fBocclusion effect\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIeffet d'occlusion\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIefecto de oclusi\*'on\fR
.PP
The change in human sidetone that occurs when the ear canal is
occluded, e.g.\ by a telephone receiver.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
43.23
\fBobstacle effect (obstruction effect)\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIeffet d'obstacle; effet d'obstruction\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIefecto de obst\*'aculo; efecto de obstrucci\*'on\fR
.PP
The change in the acoustic field close to a human or artificial
mouth as obstacles (e.g.\ telephone transmitter) are brought into close
proximity.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
43.24
\fBsidetone path\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fItrajet d'effet local\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fItrayecto de efecto local\fR
.PP
Any path, acoustic, mechanical or electrical by which a telephone user's
speech and/or room noise is heard in his own ear(s) (at ERP).
.bp
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
43.25
\fBsidetone path loss\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIaffaiblissement du trajet d'effet local\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIatenuaci\*'on del trayecto de efecto local\fR
.PP
The loss of the sidetone path expressed as a loss compared with
the speech at the MRP. Symbols in common use are:
.RT
.LP
\fIL
\dMEHS
\u\fR for sidetone paths within a human head,
.LP
\fIL
\dMEST
\u\fR for electro\(hyacoustic sidetone paths within
the telephone set,
.LP
\fIL
\dMEMS
\u\fR for mechanical sidetone paths within a
telephone handset.
.LP
\fIL
\dRNST
\u\fR for elctro\(hyacoustic sidetone path from a
diffuse room noise source to the earphone.
.PP
Each of these paths may be measured as sensitivities, in which case they
become \fIS
\dMEHS
\u\fR , \fIS
\dMEST
\u\fR , \fIS
\dMEMS
\u\fR and \fIS
\dRNST
\u\fR , and experience a change of sign. Thus, for example,
\fIS
\dMEST
\u\fR \ =\ \(em\fIL
\dMEST
\u\fR .
.sp 1P
.LP
43.26
\fBlistener sidetone rating (LSTR)\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIaffaiblissement d'effet local pour la personne qui\fR
\fI\*'ecoute (AELE)\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fI\*'indice de efecto local para el oyente (IELO)\fR
.PP
The loudness of a diffuse room noise source as heard at the
subscriber's (earphone) ear via the electric sidetone path in the telephone
instrument, compared with the loudness of the intermediate reference system
(IRS) overall, in which the comparison is made incorporating a speech signal
heard via the human sidetone path (\fIL
\dMEHS
\u\fR ) as a masking
threshold.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
43.27
\fBsidetone balance network\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIr\*'eseau d'\*'equilibrage d'effet local\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIred equilibradora del efecto local\fR
.PP
An electrical network as part of a 2\(hy to 4\(hywire balance point
within a telephone set circuit for the purpose of controlling the telephone
sidetone path loss.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
43.28
\fBsidetone masking rating (STMR)\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIaffaiblissement d'effet local par la m\*'ethode de\fR
\fImasquage (AELM)\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fI\*'indice de enmascaramiento para el efecto local (IEEL)\fR
.PP
The loudness of a telephone sidetone path compared with the
loudness of the intermediate reference system (IRS) overall in which the
comparison is made incorporating the speech signal heard via the human
sidetone path \fIL
\dMEHS
\u\fR as a masking threshold.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
43.29
\fBspeech volume penalty\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIp\*'enalisation en volume sonore\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIpenalizaci\*'on en volumen sonoro\fR
.PP
The reduction in a subscriber's talking level (usually expressed as a function
of a speech sidetone rating, e.g.\ STMR) due to the presence
of sidetone.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
43.30
\fBtalking resistance\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIr\*'esistance de conversation\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIresistencia de conversaci\*'on\fR
.PP
Fixed resistance used for test purposes, which has a resistance
equal to that of a carbon microphone at a particular current.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
43.31
\fBvirtual source position\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIposition de la source virtuelle\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIposici\*'on de la fuente virtual\fR
.PP
That position within a human or artificial mouth at which emitted sounds
appear to have their source.
.bp
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
43.32
\fBvirtual source function\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIfonction de source virtuelle\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIfunci\*'on de la fuente virtual\fR
.PP
The change in virtual source position as a function of some other parameter,
e.g.\ frequency, proximity of obstacles.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
43.33
\fBorthotelephonic reference condition\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIcondition de r\*'ef\*'erence orthot\*'el\*'ephonique\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIcondici\*'on de referencia ortotelef\*'onica\fR
.PP
Acoustic path between a talker and a listener, facing each other at a distance
of 1 meter in the free field.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
43.34
\fBorthotelephonic acoustic reference gain\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIgain de r\*'ef\*'erence acoustique orthot\*'el\*'ephonique\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIganancia de referencia ac\*'ustica ortotelef\*'onica\fR
.PP
Ratio of the pressure at the ear reference point of the listener to the
pressure at the mouth reference point of the talker under othotelephonic
reference conditions.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
43.35
\fBtotal electroacoustic gain\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIgain \*'electroacoustique total\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIganancia electroac\*'ustica total\fR
.PP
Ratio of the pressure at the ear reference point of a listener to the pressure
at the mouth reference point of a talker connected by a telephone channel.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
43.36
\fBinsertion gain (orthotelephonically referred gain)\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIgain d'insertion (gain de r\*'ef\*'erence orthot\*'el\*'ephonique\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIganancia de inserci\*'on (ganancia referida\fR
\fIortotelef\*'onicamente)\fR
.PP
Ratio of the total electroacoustic gain to the orthotelephonic
acoustic reference gain.
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
44.
\fISpeech level measurements\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
44.01
\fBactive time\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIdur\*'ee d'activit\*'e\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fItiempo activo\fR
.PP
Aggregate of all intervals of time when speech is deemed to be
present according to the criterion adopted by CCITT (Recommendation\ P.56)
for the purpose of measuring.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
44.02
\fBactive speech level\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIniveau de conversation active\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fInivel vocal activo\fR
.PP
A quantity, expressed in decibels relative to a stated reference,
e.g.\ volts or pascals formed by averaging the speech\(hysignal's power
over the
active time.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
44.03
\fBactivity factor\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIcoefficient d'activit\*'e\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIfactor de actividad\fR
.PP
Ratio of the active time to total timed elapsed during a
measurement, usually expressed as a percentage.
.bp
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
44.04
\fBvolume or speech volume\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIvolume ou volume de la parole\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fIvolumen \*'o volumen vocal\fR
.PP
A quantity which is related to speech power and is measured at a
stated point in a telephone circuit by means of a specified instrument,
suitable for rapid real\(hytime control or adjustment of level by a human
observer (e.g.\ vu meter, ARAEN volume meter, peak programme meter).
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
44.05
\fBspeech level\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\fR \fIniveau vocal\fR
.LP
\fIS:\fR \fInivel vocal\fR
.PP
A general term embracing speech volume, active speech level and any other
similar quantity expressed in decibels relative to a stated
reference.
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fBRecommendation\ P.11\fR
.RT
.sp 2P
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fBEFFECT\ OF\ TRANSMISSION\ IMPAIRMENTS\fR
.EF '% Volume\ V\ \(em\ Rec.\ P.11''
.OF '''Volume\ V\ \(em\ Rec.\ P.11 %'
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fI(Geneva, 1980; amended at Malaga\(hyTorremolinos, 1984; Melbourne, 1988)\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.LP
\fB1\fR \fBPurpose\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
An essential purpose of the present
transmission plan
for international connections is to provide guidance on the control of
transmission performance. Such guidance is contained in Recommendations
related to complete connections and to the constituent parts of a connection.
These Recommendations contain performance objectives, design objectives
and maintenance objectives, as defined in Recommendation\ G.102 for various
transmission
.PP
impairments
which affect the transmission quality and customer opinion of transmission
quality
.FS
In this Recommendation, the term \*Qimpairment\*U is used in a general
sense to refer to any characteristic or degradation in the
transmission path which may reduce the performance or quality. It is not
used to denote \*Qequivalent loss\*U as was the case in some earlier CCITT
texts.
.FE
Typical
transmission impairments
include transmission loss,
circuit noise, talker echo, sidetone loss, attenuation distortion, group\(hydelay
distortion and quantizing distortion. Although not under the control of
the
transmission planner, room noise is another important factor which should be
considered.
.PP
This Recommendation is concerned with the effect of transmission
parameters, such as those listed above, on customer opinion of transmission
quality. It is based on information contributed in response to specific
questions which have been studied by the CCITT. Much of this information is
based on the results of subjective tests in which participants have talked,
listened or conversed over telephone connections with controlled or known
levels of the impairments and rated the tansmission quality on an appropriate
scale. General guidance for the conduct of such tests is provided in
Recommendation\ P.80. In addition, Recommendation\ P.82 provides guidance
on the use of telephone user surveys to assess speech quality on international
calls.
.PP
Specific purposes of this Recommendation are:
.RT
.LP
1)
to provide a general, but concise, summary of the major
transmission impairments and their effect on transmission
quality which would serve as a central reference for
transmission planners;
.LP
2)
to provide for retention of basic information on
transmission quality in support of relevant Series\ P and Series\ G
Recommendations with appropriate reference to these
Recommendations and other sources of information such
as Supplements and Questions under study;
.LP
3)
to provide for the interim retention of basic information on transmission
quality which is expected to be relevant in the
formulation of future Recommendations.
.bp
.LP
.PP
\(sc\ 2 of this Recommendation provides a brief description of
individual impairments which can occur in telephone connections, typical
methods of characterization and general guidance on the acceptable levels of
these impairments. More specific information is provided in Annexes to this
Recommendation, in other Recommendations and in Supplements.
.PP
\(sc\ 3 of this Recommendation is concerned with the effect of combined
impairments on transmission quality and the use of opinion models which
permit estimates to be made of customer opinion as a function of combinations
of
transmission impairments in a telephone connection. Thus, they can be used
to evaluate the transmission quality provided by the present transmission
plan,
the impact of possible changes in the transmission plan or the consequences
of departures from the transmission plan. Such evaluations require certain
assumptions concerning the constituent parts of a connection, and guidance
is provided by the hypothetical reference connections which are the subject
of
Recommendations\ G.103 and\ G.104.
.RT
.LP
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB2\fR \fBEffect of individual impairments\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2.1
\fIGeneral\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
\(sc\ 2 describes invididually a number of the transmission impairments
which can affect the quality of speech transmission in telephone connections.
Information is provided on the general nature of each impairment, on methods
which have been recommended to measure the impairment and on the acceptable
ranges for the impairment. References are provided to Recommendations where
more detailed information on measurement methods and recommended values
can be found.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2.2
\fILoudness loss\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
An essential purpose of a telephone connection is to provide a
transmission path for speech between a talker's mouth and the ear of a
listener. The loudness of the received speech signal depends on acoustic
pressure provided by the talker and the loudness loss of the
acoustic\(hyto\(hyacoustic path from the input to a telephone microphone
at one end of the connection to the output of a telephone receiver at the
other end of the connection. The effectiveness of speech communication
over telephone
connections and customer satisfaction depend, to a large extent, on
the loudness loss which is provided. As the loudness loss is increased
from a preferred range, the listening effort is increased and customer
satisfaction
decreases. At still higher value of loudness loss, the intelligibility
decreases and it takes longer to convey a given quantity of information.
On the other hand, if too little loudness loss is provided, customer satisfaction
is decreased because the received speech is too loud.
.PP
Over the years, various methods have been used by transmission
engineers to measure and express the loudness loss of telephone connections.
The reference equivalent method is a subjective method which has been widely
used in CCITT and is defined in Recommendations\ P.42 and\ P.72 \fI(Red\
Book)\fR .
.PP
Because difficulties were encountered in the use of reference
equivalents, the planning value of the overall reference equivalent was
replaced by the corrected reference equivalent (CRE) as defined in
Recommendation\ G.111 (CCITT \fIRed\ Book\fR ). This change required some
adjustment in the recommended values of loudness loss for complete and
partial
connections.
.PP
Recommendations P.76, P.78 and P.79 provide information on subjective and
objective methods for the determination of loudness ratings (LRs) which
are now recommended. These methods are expected to eliminate the need for
the subjective determinations of loudness loss in terms of the corrected
reference equivalent. The currently recommended values of loudness loss
in terms of
loudness ratings are given in Recommendations\ G.111 and\ G.121.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2.2.1
\fICustomer opinion\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
Customer opinion, as a function of loudness loss, can vary with the test
group and the particular test design. The opinion results presented in
Table\ 1/P.11 are representative of laboratory conversation test results for
telephone connections in which other characteristics such as circuit noise
are contributing little impairment. These results indicate the importance
of
loudness loss control.
.bp
.RT
.ce
\fBH.T. [T1.11]\fR
.ce
TABLE\ 1/P.11
.ps 9
.vs 11
.nr VS 11
.nr PS 9
.TS
center box;
cw(66p) | cw(66p) sw(66p) , ^ | c | c.
Overall loudness rating (dB) {
Representative opinion results | ua\d\u)\d
}
{
Percent
\*Qgood plus excellent\*U
} Percent \*Qpoor plus bad\*U
_
.T&
cw(66p) | cw(66p) | cw(66p) .
5 to 15 > | 0 < |
.T&
cw(66p) | cw(66p) | cw(66p) .
20 \ | 0 \ |
.T&
cw(66p) | cw(66p) | cw(66p) .
25 \ | 5 \ | 0
.T&
cw(66p) | cw(66p) | cw(66p) .
30 \ | 5 \ | 0
.TE
.LP
\ua\d\u)\d\ Based on opinion relationship derived from the transmission
quality index (see Annex\ A).
.nr PS 9
.RT
.ad r
\fBTable 1/P.11 [T1.11] p. \fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2.2.2
\fIRecommended values of loudness rating\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
Table 2/P.11 provides further information on selected values of
loudness rating which have been recommended or are under study by the CCITT.
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ Recommended values of loudness ratings are under study in
Question\ 19/XII.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2.3
\fICircuit noise\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
The circuit noise in a telephone connection has a major effect on customer
satisfaction and the effectiveness of speech communication. This noise
may include white circuit noise and intermodulation noise from transmission
systems as well as hum and other types of interference such as impulse noise
and single frequency tones. Customer satisfaction depends on the power, the
frequency distribution and the amplitude distribution of the noise. For a
given type of noise, the satisfaction generally decreases monotonically with
increasing noise power.
.PP
Circuit noise is generally expressed in terms of the indications given
by a psophometer standardized by the CCITT in Recommendation\ O.41. With
this
apparatus, frequency\(hyweighted measurements of noise power in dBmp can
be made a various points in telephone connections.
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ Although the psophometer is normally used to measure
wideband circuit noise, some subjective tests indicate that it satisfactorily
characterizes the subject interfering effect of induced power hum on message
circuits.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2.3.1
\fIOpinion results\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
Many tests have been conducted which demonstrate the effect of
circuit noise on
customer opinion
. These tests have shown that opinion judgements of circuit noise are also
highly dependent on the loudness loss of the connection and can be influenced
by many other factors, particularly the
room noise and sidetone loss.
.PP
The subjective effect of circuit noise measured at a particular point in
a telephone connection depends on the electrical\(hyto\(hyacoustical loss
or gain from the point of measurement to the output of the telephone receiver.
As a
convenience in assessing the contributions from different sources, circuit
noise is frequently referred to the input of a receiving system with a
specified receiving CRE or loudness rating. A common reference point is the
input of a receiving system having a Receiving CRE of 0\ dB. When circuit
noise is referred to this point, circuit noise values less than \(em65\
dBmp have little effect on transmission quality in typical room noise environments.
Transmission quality decreases with higher values of circuit noise.
.PP
The opinion results presented in Table\ 3/P.11 are representative of
laboratory conversation tests and illustrate the effect of circuit noise
when other connection characteristics such as loudness are introducing
little
additional impairment. When the loudness loss is greater than the preferred
range, the effect of a given level of circuit noise becomes more severe.
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ See Annex\ A of this Recommendation for further information
on the effects of circuit noise.
.bp
.RT
.ce
\fBH.T. [T2.11]\fR
.ce
TABLE\ 2a/P.11
.ce
\fBValues (dB) of reference equivalent RE (\fR
.ce
\fIq\fR
.ce
\fB), and corrected
.ce
reference equivalent CRE (\fR
.ce
\fIy\fR
.ce
\fB)\fR
.ce
\fBfor various connections cited in Red Book Recommendations
.ce
G.111 and G.121\fR
.ce
\fB(send and receive interfaces are at the virtual
.ce
analogue switching point, VASP)\fR
.T&
lw(120p) | lw(36p) | lw(36p) .
.T&
cw(120p) | cw(36p) | lw(36p) .
{
Previously recommended RE (\fIq\fR
)
} CRE ( \fIy\fR )
.T&
lw(84p) | cw(36p) | cw(36p) | cw(36p) .
{
\fIOptimum range\fR
for a connection
(Rec. G.111, \(sc 3.2)
} min optimum max \ 6 | \ 9 | 18 | {
5 | ua\d\u)\d
7 | ua\d\u)\d to 11
16
}
_
.T&
lw(84p) | cw(36p) | cw(36p) | cw(36p) .
{
\fITraffic weighted mean values\fR
}
.T&
lw(84p) | cw(36p) | cw(36p) | cw(36p) .
Long term objectives
.T&
lw(84p) | cw(36p) | cw(36p) | cw(36p) .
\(em\ connection min 13 | 13 |
.T&
lw(84p) | cw(36p) | cw(36p) | cw(36p) .
\ \ (Rec. G.111, \(sc 3.2) max 18 | 16 |
.T&
lw(84p) | cw(36p) | cw(36p) | cw(36p) .
\(em\ national system send min 10 | 11.5
.T&
lw(84p) | cw(36p) | cw(36p) | cw(36p) .
\ \ (Rec. G.121, \(sc 1) max 13 | 13 |
.T&
lw(84p) | cw(36p) | cw(36p) | cw(36p) .
\(em\ national system receive min \ 2.5 \ 2.5
.T&
lw(84p) | cw(36p) | cw(36p) | cw(36p) .
\ \ (Rec. G.121, \(sc 1) max \ 4.5 \ 4 |
.T&
lw(84p) | cw(36p) | cw(36p) | cw(36p) .
Short term objectives
.T&
lw(84p) | cw(36p) | cw(36p) | cw(36p) .
\(em\ connection
.T&
lw(84p) | cw(36p) | cw(36p) | cw(36p) .
\ \ (Rec. G.111, \(sc 3.2) max 23 | 25.5
.T&
lw(84p) | cw(36p) | cw(36p) | cw(36p) .
\(em\ national system send
.T&
lw(84p) | cw(36p) | cw(36p) | cw(36p) .
\ \ (Rec. G.121, \(sc 1) max 16 | 19 |
.T&
lw(84p) | cw(36p) | cw(36p) | cw(36p) .
\(em\ national system receive
.T&
lw(84p) | cw(36p) | cw(36p) | cw(36p) .
\ \ (Rec. G.121, \(sc 1) max \ 6.5 \ 7.5
_
.T&
lw(84p) | cw(36p) | cw(36p) | cw(36p) .
{
\fIMaximum values\fR
for national system
(Rec.\ G.121, \(sc\ 2.1) of an average\(hysized country
} send receive 21 | 12 | 25 | 14 |
.T&
lw(84p) | cw(36p) | cw(36p) | cw(36p) .
{
\fIMinimum\fR
for the national sending system
(Rec.\ G.121, \(sc\ 3)
} \ 6 | \ 7 |
.TE
.LP
\ua\d\u)\d
These values apply for conditions free from echo; customers
may prefer slightly larger values if some echo is present.
.nr PS 9
.RT
.ad r
\fBTableau 2a/P.11 [T2.11] p. 2 \fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.LP
.rs
.sp 16P
.ad r
Blanc
.ad b
.RT
.LP
.bp
.ce
\fBH.T. [T3.11]\fR
.ce
TABLE\ 2b/P.11
.ce
\fBLR values as cited in Recommendations G.111 and G.121\fR
.ce
.ps 9
.vs 11
.nr VS 11
.nr PS 9
.TS
center box;
cw(84p) | cw(36p) | cw(36p) | cw(36p) | lw(36p) .
SLR | ua\d\u)\d CLR | ua\d\u)\d RLR | ua\d\u)\d OLR | ua\d\u)\d
_
.T&
lw(84p) | cw(36p) | cw(36p) | cw(36p) | lw(36p) .
{
\fITraffic\(hyweighted mean values:\fR
}
.T&
lw(84p) | cw(36p) | cw(36p) | cw(36p) | cw(36p) .
long term 7\(hy9 | ub\d\u)\d 0\(hy0.5 | ue\d\u)\d {
1\(hy3 | ub\d\u)\d | uf\d\u)\d
} {
8\(hy12 | ue\d\u)\d | uf\d\u)\d | ug\d\u)\d
}
.T&
lw(84p) | cw(36p) | cw(36p) | cw(36p) | cw(36p) .
short term 7\(hy15 | ub\d\u)\d 0\(hy0.5 | ue\d\u)\d {
1\(hy6 | ub\d\u)\d | uf\d\u)\d
} {
8\(hy21 | ue\d\u)\d | uf\d\u)\d | ug\d\u)\d
}
_
.T&
lw(84p) | cw(36p) | cw(36p) | cw(36p) | cw(36p) .
{
\fIMaximum values for an average\(hysized country:\fR
} 16.5 | uc\d\u)\d 13 | uc\d\u)\d
_
.T&
lw(84p) | cw(36p) | cw(36p) | cw(36p) | cw(36p) .
\fIMinimum value:\fR \(em1.5 | ud\d\u)\d
.TE
.LP
\ua\d\u)\d
As in Figure 1/P.11.
.LP
\ub\d\u)\d
Rec. G.121, \(sc | .
.LP
\uc\d\u)\d
Rec. G.121, \(sc | .1.
.LP
\ud\d\u)\d
Rec. G.121, \(sc | .
.LP
\ue\d\u)\d
When the international chain is digital, CLR | | .
If the international chain consists of one analogue circuit, CLR | | .5, and
then OLR is increased by 0.5 dB. (If the attenuation distortion with
frequency of this circuit is pronounced, the CLR may increase by another
0.2\ dB. See Annex A, \(sc\ A.4.2 to Recommendation G.111.)
.LP
\uf\d\u)\d
See also the remarks made in Rec. G.111, \(sc\ 3.2.
.LP
\ug\d\u)\d
Rec. G.111, \(sc | .2.
.nr PS 9
.RT
.ad r
\fBTableau 2b/P.11 [T3.11] p. 3\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.LP
.rs
.sp 20P
.ad r
\fBFIGURE 1/P.11, p. 4\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.LP
.bp
.ce
\fBH.T. [T4.11]\fR
.ce
TABLE\ 3/P.11
.ps 9
.vs 11
.nr VS 11
.nr PS 9
.TS
center box;
cw(66p) | cw(66p) sw(66p) , ^ | c | c.
{
Circuit noise
at point 0\ dB RLR
(dBmp)
} {
Representative opinion results \ua\d\u)\d
}
{
Percent
\*Qgood plus excellent\*U
} Percent \*Qpoor plus bad\*U
_
.T&
cw(66p) | cw(66p) | cw(66p) .
\(em65 > | 0 < |
.T&
cw(66p) | cw(66p) | cw(66p) .
\(em60 \ | 5 \ |
.T&
cw(66p) | cw(66p) | cw(66p) .
\(em55 \ | 5 \ |
.T&
cw(66p) | cw(66p) | cw(66p) .
\(em50 \ | 5 \ | 0
.T&
cw(66p) | cw(66p) | cw(66p) .
\(em45 \ | 5 \ | 0
.TE
.LP
\ua\d\u)\d\ Based on opinion relationship derived from the transmission
quality index (see Annex\ A).
.nr PS 9
.RT
.ad r
\fBTableau 3/P.11 [T4.11] p. 5 \fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2.3.2
\fIRecommended values of circuit noise\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
Contributions to circuit noise from the various parts of a
connection should be kept as low as practical. The major source of circuit
noise on medium or long connections is likely to occur in analogue transmission
facilities where the noise power is typically proportional to the circuit
length. In Recommendation\ G.222, a noise objective of 10 | 00\ pW0p or
\(em50\ dBm0p is recommended for the design of carrier transmission systems
of 2500\ km. When referred to a point of 0\ dB receiving loudness rating
(assuming a loss of
6\ to 12\ dB), this corresponds to a noise level in the range from \(em62\ to
\(em56\ dBmp, which is sufficiently high to affect the transmission
quality.
.PP
The decrease in quality is larger on longer circuits or in connections
with several such circuits in tandem. The CCITT states in Recommendation\
G.143 that it is desirable that the total noise generated by a chain of
six
international circuits should not exceed \(em43\ dBm0p when referred to
the first circuit in the chain. This corresponds to approximately \(em46\
dBm0p at the end of the chain or \(em58\ to \(em52\ dBmp at a point with
a 0\ dB receiving reference
equivalent. Other sources of circuit noise in international connections
should be controlled such that their contribution is small compared to
that permitted on analogue transmission facilities. Specific guidance is
provided in a number of Recommendations.
.PP
The limits for a single tone or narrow bands of noise should be more stringent
than the limits for wideband noise in order to avoid customer
annoyance. As a general rule to limit annoyance from single frequency tones,
the power in any individual tone should be 10\ dB less than the psophometric
noise power in the circuit. To avoid audibility, an additional 5\ dB of
margin is recommended where practical.
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ The effect of impulse noise depends on the rate of
occurrence. For pulses which were damped 2\ kHz oscillatory transients with
durations of about one millisecond (a pulse shape commonly encountered on
message facilities), limited test results have been reported in terms of the
mean value of the peak power of the individual impulses measured on the
line at the telephone set. The results indicate that the noise pulses occurring
at an average rate of one per second or less are not annoying if their
mean intensity is less that 65\ dBrn (\(em25\ dBm). At the rate of 45 per
second, an acceptable
level of 30\ dBrn (\(em60\ dBm) was indicated.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2.4
\fISidetone\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
Sidetone of a telephone set is the transmission of sound from
the telephone microphone to the telephone receiver in the same telephone
set. Thus, the sidetone path of a telephone set is one of the paths through
which
the talker hears himself as he speaks. Other such paths are the head conduction
path and the acoustic path from the mouth to the ear through earcap leakage.
The presence of these other paths affects the customer's perception of
sidetone and consequently his reaction to it.
.bp
.PP
Sidetone affects telephone transmission quality in several ways. Too little
sidetone loss causes the returned speech levels to be too loud and this
reduces customer satisfaction. Another aspect of insufficient sidetone
loss is that talkers tend to reduce their speech levels and/or move the
handset away
from the mouth, thus reducing the received levels at the far end of the
.PP
connection. Handset movement can also reduce the seal at the ear and thus
make it easier for room noise to reach the ear through the resulting leakage
path, while reducing as well the level of the received signal from the
far end of the connection. In addition, the sidetone path provides another
route by which room noise can reach the ear. Very low levels of sidetone
loss can effect
transmission quality adversely. As the sidetone loss is increased there is a
general region of preferred loss values. Excessive sidetone loss can make a
telephone set sound dead as one is talking and, for many connections, the
absence of sidetone would not be a preferred condition.
.PP
Sidetone loss has, in the past, been rated as a loudness loss in much the
same manner as connection loudness loss, for example, in terms of sidetone
reference equivalent (STRE) (Recommendation\ P.73, \fIRed\ Book\fR ). A
better method, which yields ratings that correlate with the subjective
effects of sidetone,
for a subscriber when considered as a talker, is described in
Recommendation\ P.76. This method, Sidetone Masking Rating (STMR), takes
into account the head conduction and direct acoustic paths as a masking
threshold.
.PP
Recent studies have shown that, due to the increasing use of linear
microphones in telephone handsets, a rating method is also necessary to
control the loudness of room noise heard via the telephone sidetone path
by means of a Listener Sidetone Rating (LSTR). LSTR (Recommendations\ P.76
and\ P.79) uses
the same concept and calculation algorithm as STMR, but the sidetone
sensitivity is measured using a room noise source rather than an artificial
mouth source.
.PP
The sidetone loss is influenced by the telephone set design
and the impedance match between the telephone set and the subscriber line.
Impedance variations at the far end of the subscriber line can also have
significant mismatch effects on short subscriber lines with low loss.
Impedance mismatches at other points in the connection will also affect the
returned signal, but, as the delay in the return path becomes significant,
the effect is generally considered as talker echo (see \(sc\ 2.9).
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2.4.1
\fIRecommended values of sidetone loss\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
Recommendation G.121, \(sc 5 provides guidance on preferred sidetone levels
under various connection conditions for the subscriber both as a talker
(STMR) and listener (LSTR).
.PP
Subjective test results of customer opinion as a function of sidetone loss
in terms of STMR indicate a preferred range of\ 7 to 12\ dB (see also
Supplement\ No.\ 11). Lower values cause a substantial reduction in subscriber
opinion and should only be used with caution. High values, up to 20\ dB
are
acceptable, but higher values cause the impression of a \*Qdead\*U
connection.
.PP
To control the effects of high level room noise, the value of LSTR to strive
for 13\ dB. In general, this will not always be possible as, for most
telephone sets having linear microphones and speech circuits, LSTR is closely
linked to, and typically 1.5 to 4\ dB greater than, STMR. [The relationship
is determined by \(*D\fI\fI\d\fIs\fR\\d\fIm\fR\u(DELSM), the difference
between the microphone
sensitivity when measured with a room noise source and when measured with a
mouth. See Recommendations\ P.64, P.10, P.79, Supplement\ No.\ 11 and Annex\
A to Recommendation\ G.111, \(sc\ A.4.3.3.]
.PP
Thus, connections having low values of STMR will generally also
exhibit low values of LSTR.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2.5
\fIRoom noise\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
Room noise is the term used to describe the background noise in the environment
of the telephone set. In a residential location it may consist of household
appliances, radio or phonograph noise, conversations or street noise. In
an office location, business equipment, air conditioning equipment and
conversations are likely to predominate. In many situations, the effect
of room noise may be inconsequential compared to the effects of circuit
noise. In noisy locations such as call offices in public places, however,
the effects of room noise may have a substantial effect on the ease of
carrying on a conversation or even in being able to hear and understand
properly.
.bp
.PP
Room noise can manifest itself in several ways. One is through leakage
around the earcap of the receiver. Another is through the sidetone path
of the telephone set if the sidetone loss is sufficiently low in comparison
with
leakage past the earcap (see \(sc\ 2.4 above). A third way is through the other
ear, although
the effect of this on telephone reception is usually less than that of noise
entering the \*Qtelephone ear\*U, unless the sound in the room causes distraction
(a baby crying, for example). A fourth way is through the transmitter over
the connection to the receiving telephone set.
.PP
The previous discussion applies primarily to conventional telephone
sets. Loudspeaking telephone sets are more susceptible to room noise.
.PP
Noise present in stationary or moving vehicles (not commonly referred to
as a room noise) may also have a substantial effect on the ease of carrying
on a conversation or in being able to hear and understand properly over
telephone connections involving mobile station.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2.6
\fIAttenuation distortion\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
Attenuation distortion is characterized by transmission loss (or
gain) at other frequencies relative to the transmission loss at 800\ or
1000\ Hz. Thus, attenuation distortion includes the low\(hyfrequency and
high\(hyfrequency
rolloffs which determine the effective bandwidth of a telephone connection,
as well as in\(hyband variations in loss as a function of frequency. The
loudness
loss and articulation of a telephone connection are respectively a function
of the attenuation distortion. Even when the loudness loss is maintained
at a
constant value, opinions of the transmission quality as determined by
subjective tests usually get worse as the amount of attenuation distortion
increases.
.PP
The effect of attenuation distortion on loudness is greater at the
lower end of the frequency band than at the higher end. The effect of
attenuation distortion on sound articulation is, on the contrary, more
marked at the higher frequencies. For both loudness and articulation impairments
due to bandpass characteristics, it can be assumed that the impairment
values due to highpass and lowpass characteristics add directly if each
attenuation
distortion slope is greater than 15\ dB/octave.
.PP
The effect of attenuation distortion on listening and conversation
opinion scores decreases noticeably as the overall loudness loss of a
connection increases, particularly when circuit noise also exists. The
effect of attenuation distortion on opinion scores is typically less than
that of
loudness loss, particularly at high values of loudness loss, but may be
comparable to that of noise when the values of loudness loss and noise
are both low.
.PP
The current network performance objectives for attenuation distortion in
the electrical transmission elements of a worldwide 4\(hywire chain of
12\ circuits are given in Recommendation\ G.132 but, of course, the
frequency characteristics of the telephone sets themselves have some
influence.
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ Further information on the effects of attenuation distortion
on transmission quality are provided in Annex\ B.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2.7
\fIGroup\(hydelay distortion\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
Group\(hydelay distortion is characterized by the group delay at other
frequencies relative to the group delay at the frequency where the group
delay has its minimum value. Although the effect of group\(hydelay distortion
is usually a more significant impairment for data transmission than for
speech
transmission, large amounts of group\(hydelay distortion can cause noticeable
distortion for speech signals.
.PP
The effect of group\(hydelay distortion at the upper and lower edges of
the transmitted band can be described as \*Qringing\*U and \*Qspeech blurred\*U,
respectively. In the absence of noise or attenuation distortion, the effect
is conspicuous throughout the entire range of typical loudness loss values.
However, the effect in a typical 4\(hywire circuit chain is usually not serious
since the group\(hydelay distortion is normally accompanied by closely related
attenuation distortion which tends to reduce the effect.
.PP
The current performance objectives for group\(hydelay distortion for a
worldwide chain of 12\ circuits are given in Recommendation\ G.133.
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ Further information on the effect of group\(hydelay
distortion is provided in Annex\ C.
.bp
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2.8
\fIAbsolute delay\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
Values of absolute delay typical of those present in terrestrial
transmission facilities have little effect on speech transmission quality if
there is no talker or listener echo (4\(hywire connections, for example)
or if the talker and listener echo are adequately controlled. Satellite
facilities
introduce larger amounts of delay (approximately 300\ ms in each direction of
transmission) and, again, the available opinion data indicates that there is
little effect on the transmission quality of connections with a single
satellite circuit, provided talker and listener echo are adequately
controlled. Less data are available on the effects of one\(hyway delays of
approximately 600\ ms (two satellite circuits in tandem) and the results
are not entirely consistent. Therefore, caution is recommended with regard
to the
introduction of one\(hyway absolute delay significantly greater than 300\ ms.
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ The effects of echo, echo control and propagation time are
under study in Question\ 27/XII.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2.9
\fITalker echo\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
Talker echo occurs when some portion of the talker's speech signal is returned
with enough delay (typically more than about 30\ ms) to make the
signal distinguishable from normal sidetone. Talker echo may be caused by
reflections at impedance mismatches or by other processes such as go\(hyto\(hyreturn
crosstalk. The effect of talker echo is a function of the loss in the
acoustic\(hyto\(hyacoustic echo path and the delay in the echo path. In
general,
customer satisfaction is decreased as the loss of the echo path is decreased
or the delay of the echo path is increased.
.PP
The overall loudness rating of the echo path is here defined as the
sum of:
.RT
.LP
\(em
the loudness rating in the two directions of transmission of the local
telephone system of the talking subscriber (assumed to have minimum values
of loudness rating);
.LP
\(em
the loudness rating in the two directions of transmission of the chain
of circuits between the 2\(hywire end of the local telephone system of
the talking subscriber and the 2\(hywire terminals of the 4W/2W terminating
set
at the listener's end;
.LP
\(em
the mean value of the echo balance return loss at the
listener's end.
.PP
Echo tolerance curves are provided in Figure\ 2/G.131 which
indicate the recommended LR of the echo path to control the
probability of objectionable echo.
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ The effect of echo and propagation time is under study in
Question\ 27/XII.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2.10
\fIListener echo\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
Listener echo refers to a transmission condition in which the main speech
signal arrives at the listener's end of the connection accompanied by
one or more delayed versions (echoes) of the signal. Such a condition can
occur as the result of multiple reflections in the transmission path. A
simple, yet common, source of listener echo is a low loss 4\(hywire transmission
path which
interconnects two 2\(hywire subscriber lines. In such a connection, reflections
can occur as the result of impedance mismatch at the hybrids at each end
of the 4\(hywire section. A portion of the main speech signal can thus
be reflected at
the far end of the 4\(hywire path, return to the near end and be reflected
again. The result is a listener echo, whose magnitude, relative to the
main signal,
depends on the two return losses and the two\(hyway loss or gain of the
4\(hywire
transmission path. The delay of the echo is determined primarily by the
two\(hyway delay of the 4\(hywire transmission path. For small delays,
the listener echo
.PP
results in a change in the spectral quality of the speech. For longer delays,
the echo is more pronounced and is sometimes referred to as a \*Qrain barrel\*U
effect.
.PP
Listener echo may be characterized by the additional loss and
additional delay in the listener echo path relative to that in the main
signal path. The minimum value of the additional listener echo path loss
over the
frequency band of interest provides a margin against instability or
oscillation. As a result, listener echo is frequently referred to as
near\(hysinging distortion. Recommendation\ G.122 provides guidance on the
influence of national networks on stability in international
connections.
.bp
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2.11
\fINonlinear distortion\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
Nonlinear distortion, in its most general sense, occurs in systems in which
the output is not linearly related to the input. A simple example is a
system in which the output signal can be represented, as a function of
the
input signal \fIe\fR\d\fIi\fR\u(\fIt\fR ), by a power series of the form:
\v'6p'
.RT
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fIe
\do\u\fR (\fIt\fR ) = \fIa\fR \d1\u\fIe
\di\u\fR (\fIt\fR ) +
\fIa\fR \d2\u\fIe\fR \u2\d
\fI
\di\u\fR (\fIt\fR ) +
\fIa\fR \d3\u\fIe\fR \u3\d
\fI
\di\u\fR (\fIt\fR ) + . | | |
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.LP
.sp 1
which, in the case of a sinusoidal input, creates second, third and higher
order harmonics in the output signal. For more complex signals, the nonlinear
terms are frequently referred to as intermodulation distortion. Nonlinear
distortion is normally a more significant impairment for data transmission
than it is for speech transmission, but it can also be important for speech.
.PP
Up until now, one of the major sources of nonlinear distortion in
telephone connections has been telephone sets using carbon microphones.
Although carbon microphones are now being rapidly replaced by linear
microphones, additional potential sources of nonlinear distortion are being
introduced, e.g.\ by the use of digital encoding schemes, especially at low
bit\(hyrates. Theses schemes introduce quantizing distortion (see \(sc\
2.12) which is a particular form of nonlinear distortion. In addition,
other devices such as syllabic compandors and overloaded amplifiers may
be significant contributors.
.PP
Further information relevant to carbon and linear microphones is
provided in Annex\ D, while Annex\ F contains information on the subjective
effects of nonlinear distortion in general.
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ Nonlinear distortion (and especially the definition of a
suitable objective measuring method) is being studied under
Question\ 13/XII.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2.12
\fIQuantizing distortion\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
Quantizing distortion occurs in digital systems when an analogue
signal is sampled and each sample is encoded into one of a finite set of
values. The difference between the original analogue signal and that which
is recovered after quantizing is called quantizing distortion or
quantizing
noise
. For many digital encoding algorithms, such as A\(hylaw or \(*m\(hylaw PCM,
which have a nearly\(hylogarithmic companding law, the subjective effect of
quantizing distortion can be approximated by adding signal\(hycorrelated noise
(white noise which has been modulated by the speech signal). Such a signal
can be generated in a modulated\(hynoise reference unit which can be adjusted
to
provide a reference signal with a selected and nearly constant signal to
signal\(hycorrelated\(hynoise ratio. Recommendation\ P.70 describes the
modulated\(hynoise reference unit recommended by CCITT for use in evaluating
digital codecs for telephone speech applications. The signal to
.PP
signal\(hycorrelated\(hynoise ratio, when expressed in decibels, is called\
Q. The
effective\ Q of an unknown digital system can be determined by subjective
comparison with the modulated\(hynoise reference unit. (Supplement\ No.\
14 provides guidelines on use of the modulated noise reference unit of
Recommendation\ P.81.)
.PP
Subjective test results have been reported by some Administrations
which have evaluated the effects of both circuit noise and\ Q on customer
opinion. Results from tests of this type permit estimates to be made of the
circuit noise level, which could provide approximately the same transmission
quality ratings as a given level of quantizing distortion.
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ Further information is provided in Annex E. The transmission
performance of digital systems is under study in Question\ 18/XII.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2.13
\fIPhase jitter\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
Phase jitter occurs when the desired signal, during transmission, is phase\(hy
or frequency\(hymodulated at a low\(hyfrequency rate. If such distortion
is present in sufficient quantity, the transmission quality is degraded.
Table\ 4/P.11 summarizes the threshold data for single\(hyfrequency phase
jitter
which have been reported by one Administration. The results are in terms
of the mean threshold expressed in terms of the signal\(hyto\(hyfirst order\(hysideband
(C/SB) ratio in decibels. The average standard deviation across subjects
was about
4\ dB.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2.14
\fIIntelligible crosstalk\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
Intelligible crosstalk occurs when the speech signal from one
telephone connection is coupled to another telephone connection such that
the coupled signal is audible and intelligible to one or both of the participants
on the second telephone connection. Although the level of the intelligible
crosstalk may be high enough to degrade the transmission quality, the major
concern is the loss of privacy.
.bp
.RT
.ce
\fBH.T. [T5.11]\fR
.ce
TABLE\ 4/P.11
.ps 9
.vs 11
.nr VS 11
.nr PS 9
.TS
center box;
cw(66p) | cw(66p) sw(66p) , ^ | c | c.
{
Phase jitter
modulation rate
(Hz)
} {
Mean threshold C/SB ratio (dB)
}
Male talkers Female talkers
_
.T&
cw(66p) | cw(66p) | cw(66p) .
\ 25 10.9 13.8
.T&
cw(66p) | cw(66p) | cw(66p) .
\ 80 14.4 16.3
.T&
cw(66p) | cw(66p) | cw(66p) .
115 12.3 18.3
.T&
cw(66p) | cw(66p) | cw(66p) .
140 13.8 20.0
.T&
cw(66p) | cw(66p) | cw(66p) .
200 17.0 18.0
_
.TE
.nr PS 9
.RT
.ad r
\fBTableau 4/P.11 [T5.11], p. 6\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.PP
A number of factors influence the intelligibility of a signal which is
coupled from one telephone connection to another. They include the
characteristics of the telephone apparatus (including sidetone), circuit
noise, room noise, the coupling loss, the interfering talker's speech level
and the hearing acuity of the listener.
.PP
Information is provided in Recommendation P.16 on the intelligibility threshold
for crosstalk and on methods for calculating the probability of
intelligible crosstalk. Design objectives for the various apparatus in
telephone connections should be selected such that the probability of
intelligible crosstalk is sufficiently low. Typically, objectives are intended
to keep the probability below one percent in connections where the interfering
and interfered\(hywith parties are unlikely to know each other and unlikely
to suffer the same coupling again. A more stringent objective of 0.1\ percent
is typical for use in local equipment such as subscriber lines where the two
parties may be neighbours.
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB3\fR \fBEffect of multiple impairments and the use of \fR \fBopinion
models\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
Transmission performance of a practical connection can be affected by several
transmission impairments which are likely to coexist. Although
results for customer opinion in the form described in \(sc\ 2 are useful
in many
studies involving one or two types of transmission impairments, they become
increasingly cumbersome as the number of impairments under study increases.
This has led to the study of more extensive analytical models of customer
opinion which can be based on the composite results of a number of individual
tests and studies. The formulation and use of these more comprehensive
models are aided by the availability of modern digital computers. Ideally,
such models might eventually include the effects of all or most of the
significant types of transmission impairment mentioned in \(sc\ 2 above.
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ Although some Administrations have reported on efforts
directed toward this goal, the subject
of models for predicting
transmission quality from objective measurements is still under study in
Question\ 7/XII\ [11]. Examples of opinion models used by Bellcore,
British Telecom, NTT and CNET are given in Supplement No.\ 3
at the end of this Volume.
.RT
.ce 1000
ANNEX\ A
.ce 0
.ce 1000
(to Recommendation P.11)
.sp 9p
.RT
.ce 0
.ce 1000
\fBTransmission quality index\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ce 0
.LP
A.1
\fIIntroduction\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
This annex which was prepared as part of the reply to
Question\ 4/XII (1985\(hy1988) describes a simple conversation opinion
model for
predicting the combined effects of overall loudness rating (OLR) in terms
of Recommendation\ P.79 and psophometric noise in dBmp. It also includes
the
efforts of sidetone masking rating (STMR), room noise in dBA and attenuation
distortion.
.bp
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
A.2
\fIConnection parameters used in the model\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
The following list gives the connection parameters and their range of values.
.RT
.LP
.sp 1
\fIConnection parameters\fR
\fIRange\fR
OLR
Overall loudness rating in dB
\ \ \ 0 to 40\ \
CN
Circuit noise at 0 dB, RLR in dBmp
\(em80 to \(em40
.LP
RN
Room noise in dBA
\ \ 30 to 70\ \
Q
Signal/quantizing distortion in dB
\ \ \ 0 to 100\
STMR(T)
Sidetone masking rating (talker end) in dB
\ \ \ 0 to 20\ \
STMR(L)
Sidetone masking rating (listener end) in dB
\ \ \ 0 to 20\ \
.LP
FL
Lower cutoff frequency (10 dB) in Hz
\ 200 to 600\
FU
Upper cutoff frequency (10 dB) in Hz
2500 to 3400
.sp 2P
.LP
A.3
\fIBasic model for transmission quality index\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.LP
\fII\fR =
\fII\fR (
\fIS/N\fR )\fII\fR (
\fIBW\fR )\fII\fR (
\fIST\fR )
(A\(hy1)
.LP
\fII\fR (
\fIS/N\fR )
=
Index for loudness loss and
circuit noise
.LP
=
1.026\ \(em\ 0.013
@ sqrt { \fIOLRe\fR~\~\(em\~\fIOLRp\fR )\u2\d~+\~4 } @ \ \(em\ 0.01(
\fINT\fR \ +\ 80)
(A\(hy2)
.LP
\fIOLRe\fR =
Effective OLR with effect of STMR(T) on speech level
.LP
=
\fIOLR\fR for \fISTMR(T)\fR > 12 dB
.LP
=
\fIOLR\fR + [12 \(em \fISTMR(T)\fR ]/3
for \fISTMR(T)\fR < 12 dB
(A\(hy3)
.LP
\fIOLRp\fR =
Optimum value of OLR as function of CN and RN
.LP
=
10\ \(em\ (\fINT\fR \ +\ 80)/10
(A\(hy4)
.LP
\fINT\fR =
Circuit noise equivalent of all noise in dBmp
.LP
=
\fIN\fR 1\ (+) \fINF\fR \ (+) \fIN\fR \ (\fIQ\fR )
(A\(hy5)
.LP
\fIN\fR 1
=
Circuit noise equivalent of circuit noise and room noise
in dBmp
.LP
=
\fICN\fR \ (+) \fIRNE\fR \ (\fIL\fR ) (+) \fIRNE\fR \ (\fIS\fR )
(A\(hy6)
.LP
\fIRNE(L)\fR =
Circuit noise equivalent due to room noise and earcap
leak in dBmp
.LP
=
\fIRN\fR \ \(em\ 116
(A\(hy7)
.LP
\fIRNE(S)\fR =
Circuit noise equivalent due to room noise and sidetone
path in dBmp
.LP
=
\fIRN\fR \ \(em\ 100\(em\fISTMR(L)\fR \ \(em\ \fID\fR
(A\(hy8)
.LP
\fID\fR =
Sidetone rating for room noise\ \(em\ \fISTMR(L)\fR
.LP
=
15\ \(em\ 0.006 (\fIRN\fR \ \(em\ 30)\u2\d (Carbon Transmitter)
(A\(hy9)
.LP
=
3 (Linear Transmitter)
.LP
\fINF\fR =
Apparent noise floor
.LP
=
\(em70 dBmp (default value)
(A\(hy10)
.LP
\fINQ\fR =
Circuit noise equivalent of quantizing distortion in dBmp
.LP
=
\(em3\ \(em\ \fIOLR\fR \ \(em\ 2.2\fIQ\fR
(A\(hy11)
.LP
\fII(BW)\fR =
Index for bandwidth
.LP
=
[1\ \(em\ 0.0008(\fIFL\fR \ \(em\ 200)] [1\ \(em\ 0.00022(3400\ \(em\
\fIFU\fR )]
(A\(hy12 )
.LP
\fII(ST)\fR =
Index for sidetone
.LP
=
1\ \(em\ 0.00003(\fIOLRe\fR ) [\fISTMR(L)\fR \ \(em\ 15]\u2\d
(A\(hy13)
.bp
.LP
\fIFI\fR =
7.2\fII\fR \ \(em\ 2
(A\(hy14)
.LP
\fIX\fR =
0.96(\fIFI\fR \ \(em\ 2) + 0.041(\fIFI\fR \ \(em\ 2)\u3\d
(A\(hy15)
.LP
\fIMOS\fR =
4 exp(\fIX\fR )/[1\ +\ EXP(\fIX\fR )]
(A\(hy16)
.LP
%(\fIG\fR \ +\ \fIE\fR )
=
100/[1\ +\ exp(\(em\fIQA\fR )]
(A\(hy17)
.LP
\fIQA\fR =
1.59577
\fIA\fR (1\ +\ 0.04592\ \fIA\fR \u2\d\ \(em\ 0.000368\ \fIA\fR \u4\d\ +\
0.000001\ \fIA\fR \u6\d)
(A\(hy18)
.LP
\fIA\fR =
\fIFI\fR \ \(em\ 2.5
(A\(hy19)
.LP
%(\fIP\fR \ +\ \fIB\fR )
=
100\ \(em\ 100/[1\ +\ exp(\(em\fIQB\fR )]
(A\(hy20)\fR
.LP
\fIQB\fR =
1.59577 \fIB\fR (1\ +\ 0.04592\ \fIB\fR \u2\d
\(em\ 0.000368\ \fIB\fR \u4\d\ +\ 0.000001\ \fIB\fR \u6\d)
(A\(hy21)
.LP
\fIB\fR =
\fIFI\fR \ \(em\ 1.5
(A\(hy22)
.LP
G
=
Good
.LP
P
=
Poor
.LP
E
=
Excellent
.LP
B
=
Bad
.sp 2P
.LP
A.4
\fITypical results\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
Typical results from the model in terms of mean opinion score (MOS) are
shown in Figures\ A\(hy1/P.11 to A\(hy7/P.11.
.RT
.LP
.rs
.sp 27P
.ad r
\fBFigure A\(hy1/P.11, p.\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.LP
.bp
.LP
.rs
.sp 26P
.ad r
\fBFigure A\(hy2/P.11, p.\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.LP
.rs
.sp 25P
.ad r
\fBFigure A\(hy3/P.11, p. 9\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.LP
.bp
.LP
.rs
.sp 26P
.ad r
\fBFigure A\(hy4/P.11, p. 10\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.LP
.rs
.sp 26P
.ad r
\fBFigure A\(hy5/P.11, p. 11\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.LP
.bp
.LP
.rs
.sp 26P
.ad r
\fBFigure A\(hy6/P.11, p. 12\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.LP
.rs
.sp 22P
.ad r
\fBFigure A\(hy7/P.11, p. 13\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.LP
.bp
.ce 1000
ANNEX\ B
.ce 0
.ce 1000
(to Recommendation\ P.11)
.sp 9p
.RT
.ce 0
.ce 1000
\fBEffects of attenuation distortion on transmission performance\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ce 0
.LP
B.1
\fIEffect of attenuation distortion on loudness and articulation\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
The
effect of attenuation distortion on loudness
is more
marked at a lower frequency band than at a higher one.
.PP
The
effect of attenuation distortion on sound articulation
is, contrary to loudness, more marked at a higher frequency band than at a
lower one. Attenuation distortion equivalent values (I\dL\u) and
articulation equivalent loss values (I\dA\u) are equivalent loss
difference values referred to a system without frequency band restriction.
.PP
For both
attenuation distortion equivalent and articulation
equivalent loss
values due to bandpass characteristics, it can be assumed that an additivity
law of impairment values due to highpass and lowpass
characteristics holds true, if each attenuation slope is steeper than
15\ dB/octave.
.PP
These phenomena are induced based on the calculation and subjective
test study results as shown in Figures\ B\(hy1/P.11, B\(hy2/P.11, B\(hy3/P.11
and
B\(hy4/P.11.
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ Attenuation distortion equivalent and articulation
equivalent loss described here are determined in reference to a complete
telephone speech path without attenuation distortion junction.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
B.2
\fIEffect of attenuation distortion on listening and conversation\fR
\fIopinion scores\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
The effect of attenuation distortion on listening and conversation opinion
scores increases noticeably as the overall loudness loss of a
connection decreases. This tendency can be more marked when circuit noise
exists.
.PP
The effect of attenuation distortion on opinion scores is somewhat
less than that of loudness loss, which is always dominant at any, particularly
high
overall loudness loss
. However, its effect seems to be comparable to, or even larger than, that
of noise under certain conditions, especially in connections of lower overall
loudness loss.
.PP
See Figures B\(hy5/P.11, B\(hy6/P.11, B\(hy7/P.11 and Table B\(hy1/P.11.
.RT
.LP
.rs
.sp 19P
.ad r
\fBFigure B\(hy1/P.11, p. 14\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.LP
.bp
.LP
.rs
.sp 23P
.ad r
\fBFigure B\(hy2/P.11, p. 15\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.LP
.rs
.sp 19P
.ad r
\fBFigure B\(hy3/P.11, p. 16\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.LP
.bp
.LP
.rs
.sp 47P
.ad r
\fBFigure B\(hy4/P.11, p. 17\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.LP
.bp
.ce
\fBH.T. [T6.11]\fR
.ce
TABLE\ B\(hy1/P.11
.ce
\fBOpinion test conditions\fR
.ps 9
.vs 11
.nr VS 11
.nr PS 9
.TS
center box;
cw(30p) | cw(66p) | cw(66p) | cw(66p) .
No. Item {
Conditions of conservation
opinion test using local
telephone
systems
} Note
_
.T&
cw(30p) | lw(66p) | lw(66p) | lw(66p) .
1 Junction loss 3, 13, 23, 29 dB Measured at 800 Hz
_
.T&
cw(30p) | lw(66p) | lw(66p) | lw(66p) .
2 Circuit noise level {
ICN
0 | ua\d\u)\d =
\(em48.5 dBmp
(14 | 00 pWp)
\(em54.5 dBmp
(3500 pWp)
\(em60.5 dBmp
(900 pWp)
\(em78.5 dBmp
(14 pWp)
} {
Including exchange noise:
\(em8 dB/octave spectrum characteristics
}
_
.T&
cw(30p) | lw(66p) | lw(66p) | lw(66p) .
3 Room noise 50 dBA
_
.T&
cw(30p) | lw(66p) | lw(66p) | lw(66p) .
4 Sending and receiving end {
Local telephone systems
Telephone: Model 600
Subscriber line: 0.4 mm \(es,
7 dB at 1500 Hz
Feeding bridge: XB exchange
(220 + 220 \(*W)
Junction impedance: 600 \(*W
} {
SCRE + RCRE = 9.3 dB | ub\d\u)\d
}
_
.T&
cw(30p) | lw(66p) | lw(66p) | lw(66p) .
5 Attenuation distorsion {
D1, D2, D3, D4
(Figure B\(hy5/P.11)
}
.TE
.LP
\ua\d\u)\d
Injected circuit noise referred to the input of a telephone
receiving end with 0 dB receive corrected reference equivalent.
.LP
\ub\d\u)\d
SCRE | | ending corrected reference equivalent, RCRE | | eceiving
corrected reference equivalent.
.nr PS 9
.RT
.ad r
\fBTableau B\(hy1/P.11 [T6.11] p. 18\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.LP
.rs
.sp 17P
.ad r
Blanc
.ad b
.RT
.LP
.bp
.LP
.rs
.sp 28P
.ad r
\fBFigure B\(hy5/P.11, p. 19\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.LP
.rs
.sp 20P
.ad r
\fBFigure B\(hy6/P.11, p. 20\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.LP
.bp
.LP
.rs
.sp 23P
.ad r
\fBFigure B\(hy7/P.11, p. 21\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
B.3
\fIExamples of attenuation distortion characteristics effect\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.ce
\fBH.T. [T7.11]\fR
.ce
TABLE\ B\(hy2/P.11
.ce
\fBExample of various methods to express attenuation\fR
.ce
\fBdistortion characteristics\fR
.ps 9
.vs 11
.nr VS 11
.nr PS 9
.TS
center box;
cw(30p) | cw(18p) sw(18p) sw(18p) sw(18p) sw(18p) sw(18p) | cw(18p) sw(18p) sw(18p) sw(18p) sw(18p) , ^ | c s | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ , ^ | c | c | c s | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ , ^ | ^ | ^ | c | c | c s | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ , ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | c | c | c s | ^ | ^ , ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | c | c | c | ^ | ^ , ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | c | c s
^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | c | c.
Attenuation distortion Characteristic parameters Equivalent loss (dB)
Cutoff frequency (Hz)
f L 1 0 f H 1 0 Slope (dB/oct)
f L 1 0 f H 1 0 Insertion loss (dB)
at | 00 | z at | .4 | Hz Aspect 1
I L I A Aspect 2
I 2 . 5 Aspect 3 I \dY C \u I % F G E
_
.T&
cw(30p) | cw(18p) | cw(18p) | cw(18p) | cw(18p) | cw(18p) | cw(18p) | cw(18p) | cw(18p) | cw(18p) | cw(18p) | cw(18p) .
D4 150 3500 \ 7.0 300 | \ 3.8 \ 0 0 | 0 | \ 0 | 0 | 0 |
_
.T&
cw(30p) | cw(18p) | cw(18p) | cw(18p) | cw(18p) | cw(18p) | cw(18p) | cw(18p) | cw(18p) | cw(18p) | cw(18p) | cw(18p) .
D3 210 3400 10.0 \ 31.5 \ 5.2 10 0.8 0.3 \(em | 2.3 1.8
_
.T&
cw(30p) | cw(18p) | cw(18p) | cw(18p) | cw(18p) | cw(18p) | cw(18p) | cw(18p) | cw(18p) | cw(18p) | cw(18p) | cw(18p) .
D2 280 3300 10.7 \ 29.1 \ 8.8 10 1.2 0.5 \ 1.8 3.8 2.8
_
.T&
cw(30p) | cw(18p) | cw(18p) | cw(18p) | cw(18p) | cw(18p) | cw(18p) | cw(18p) | cw(18p) | cw(18p) | cw(18p) | cw(18p) .
D1 420 3100 22.2 \ 31.1 20.0 15 3.2 2.2 \ 4.2 7.8 6.3
.TE
.LP
I
L
Attenuation distortion equivalent (calculated value).
.LP
I
A
Articulation equivalent loss difference at 80% sound articulation
(calculated value).
.LP
I
2
.
5
MOS equivalent loss difference at Y
L
E | | .5.
.LP
I
\dY
C
\u
MOS equivalent loss difference at Y
C | | .5.
.LP
I
%
F
G
E
Accumulated rating equivalent loss difference at 50% F, G and E.
.nr PS 9
.RT
.ad r
\fBTable B\(hy2/P.11 [T7.11,] p.\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.LP
.bp
.sp 1P
.LP
B.4
\fIEvaluation method using the attenuation distortion unit (adu)\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
The attenuation distortion unit (adu) may be used for evaluation of the
attenuation distortion effect. However, a planning rule based on using
an adu is not required.
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ The attenuation distortion of a digital system is controlled
by the existing planning rule based on using a quantizing distortion unit
(qdu) because the methods used to assign qdu's to a digital system account
for the effect of attenuation distortion. Therefore, there is no need for
a
planning rule based on using an adu.
.PP
The definition of attenuation distortion for one adu is shown in
Table\ B\(hy3/P.11.
.RT
.ce
\fBH.T. [T8.11]\fR
.ce
TABLE\ B\(hy3/P.11
.ce
\fBDefinition of attenuation distortion for one adu\fR
.ps 9
.vs 11
.nr VS 11
.nr PS 9
.TS
center box;
cw(42p) | cw(42p) .
Frequency (Hz) Loss (dB)
_
.T&
cw(42p) | cw(42p) .
\ 200 \ 1.57
.T&
cw(42p) | cw(42p) .
\ 300 \ 0.40
.T&
cw(42p) | cw(42p) .
\ 400 \ 0.12
.T&
cw(42p) | cw(42p) .
\ 500 \ 0.08
.T&
cw(42p) | cw(42p) .
\ 600 \ 0.06
.T&
cw(42p) | cw(42p) .
\ 800 \ 0.01
.T&
cw(42p) | cw(42p) .
1000 \ 0 | \
.T&
cw(42p) | cw(42p) .
2000 \(em0.02
.T&
cw(42p) | cw(42p) .
2400 \ 0.05
.T&
cw(42p) | cw(42p) .
2800 \ 0.14
.T&
cw(42p) | cw(42p) .
3000 \ 0.17
.T&
cw(42p) | cw(42p) .
3400 \ 1.04
.TE
.LP
\fINote\fR
\ \(em\ This characteristic for one adu is based on Table A\(hy4/G.113.
.nr PS 9
.RT
.ad r
\fBTable B\(hy3/P.11 [T8.11], p.\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.PP
Sensitivity/frequency characteristics of local telephone systems (LTS)
used to determine the effects of using adu's on speech quality are shown
in Table\ B\(hy4/P.11. These are intermediate reference system (IRS)
characteristics without SRAEN filter characteristics. The IRS for each
sending and receiving portion should be used as the sending and receiving
portions of the network. For an ordinary telephone set, the differences
in
sensitivity/frequency characteristics are calculated from the IRS
characteristics without SRAEN filter characteristics and transformed to adu
numbers by the adu number rating method.
.PP
A rating method for attenuation distortion characteristics with
regard to the number of adu's is described by the following
equation:
\v'6p'
.RT
.ad r
.ad b
.RT
.LP
where:
.LP
\fIN\fR is the number of adu's
.LP
\fIA\fR `\fI\fI\d\fIf\fR\u is the attenuation distortion of characteristics
to be rated at frequency \fIf\fR \ (dB)
.LP
\fIA\fR\d\fIf\fR\u is the attenuation distortion of one adu at frequency
\fIf\fR \ (dB).
.PP
Opinion equivalent loss values for various numbers of adu's are
shown in Figure\ B\(hy8/P.11. Using the frequency characteristics shown in
Tables\ B\(hy3/P.11 and B\(hy4/P.11, the reference point and number of adu's is
calculated by the adu number rating method. According to Figure\ B\(hy8/P.11,
the total equivalent loss is approximately 0.15\ dB per adu and is proportional
to the number of adu's.
.bp
.ce
\fBH.T. [T9.11]\fR
.ce
TABLE\ B\(hy4/P.11
.ce
\fBLTS sensitivity/frequency characteristic\fR
.ce
\fBused to determine the
.ce
effects of using adu's\fR
.ps 9
.vs 11
.nr VS 11
.nr PS 9
.TS
center box;
cw(42p) | cw(42p) sw(42p) , ^ | c | c.
Frequency (Hz) Relative response (dB)
Sending Receiving
_
.T&
cw(42p) | cw(42p) | cw(42p) .
\ 100 \(em22.0 \(em21.0
.T&
cw(42p) | cw(42p) | cw(42p) .
\ 125 \(em18.0 \(em17.0
.T&
cw(42p) | cw(42p) | cw(42p) .
\ 160 \(em14.0 \(em13.0
.T&
cw(42p) | cw(42p) | cw(42p) .
\ 200 \(em10.0 \ \(em9.0
.T&
cw(42p) | cw(42p) | cw(42p) .
\ 250 \ \(em6.8 \ \(em5.7
.T&
cw(42p) | cw(42p) | cw(42p) .
\ 315 \ \(em4.6 \ \(em2.9
.T&
cw(42p) | cw(42p) | cw(42p) .
\ 400 \ \(em3.3 \ \(em1.3
.T&
cw(42p) | cw(42p) | cw(42p) .
\ 500 \ \(em2.6 \ \(em0.6
.T&
cw(42p) | cw(42p) | cw(42p) .
\ 630 \ \(em2.2 \ \(em0.1
.T&
cw(42p) | cw(42p) | cw(42p) .
\ 800 \ \(em1.2 \ \ 0 |
.T&
cw(42p) | cw(42p) | cw(42p) .
1000 \ \ 0 | \ \ 0 |
.T&
cw(42p) | cw(42p) | cw(42p) .
1250 \ \ 1.2 \ \ 0.2
.T&
cw(42p) | cw(42p) | cw(42p) .
1600 \ \ 2.8 \ \ 0.4
.T&
cw(42p) | cw(42p) | cw(42p) .
2000 \ \ 3.2 \ \ 0.4
.T&
cw(42p) | cw(42p) | cw(42p) .
2500 \ \ 4.0 \ \(em0.3
.T&
cw(42p) | cw(42p) | cw(42p) .
3150 \ \ 4.3 \ \(em0.5
.T&
cw(42p) | cw(42p) | cw(42p) .
4000 \ \ 0 | \(em11.0
.T&
cw(42p) | cw(42p) | cw(42p) .
5000 \ \(em6.0 \(em23.0
.T&
cw(42p) | cw(42p) | cw(42p) .
6300 \(em12.0 \(em35.0
.T&
cw(42p) | cw(42p) | cw(42p) .
8000 \(em18.0 \(em53.0
_
.TE
.nr PS 9
.RT
.ad r
\fBTableau B\(hy4/P.11 [T9.11], p. 24\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.LP
.rs
.sp 23P
.ad r
\fBFigure B\(hy8/P.11, p. 25\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.LP
.bp
.ce 1000
ANNEX\ C
.ce 0
.ce 1000
(to Recommendation P.11)
.sp 9p
.RT
.ce 0
.ce 1000
\fBEffects of group\(hydelay distortion on transmission performance\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ce 0
.PP
The effect of group\(hydelay distortion is described as \*Qringing\*U at
the upper part of a transmitted frequency band and as \*Qspeech blurred\*U
at the lower part.
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
Absence of noise or attenuation distortion has such an influence as to
hold the effect conspicuous throughout the possible overall loudness
range of a connection.
.PP
However, its practical effect in a 4\(hywire circuit chain does not seem
serious, since it is usually accompanied by closely related attenuation
distortion.
.PP
See Figures C\(hy1/P.11, C\(hy2/P.11 and C\(hy3/P.11.
.RT
.LP
.rs
.sp 34P
.ad r
\fBFigure C\(hy1/P.11, p.\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.LP
.bp
.LP
.rs
.sp 20P
.ad r
\fBFigure C\(hy2/P.11, p.\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.LP
.rs
.sp 26P
.ad r
\fBFigure C\(hy3/P.11, p.\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.LP
.bp
.ce 1000
ANNEX\ D
.ce 0
.ce 1000
(to Recommendation P.11)
.sp 9p
.RT
.ce 0
.ce 1000
\fBEffects of carbon and linear microphones\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ce 0
.ce 1000
\fBon transmission performance\fR
.ce 0
.PP
Information on the performance of carbon microphones as opposed
to linear (non\(hycarbon) microphones has been collected. The performance
depends not only on differences in the content of non\(hylinear distortion
due to harmonics and intermodulation products but also on differences in
amplitude/frequency distortion (\*Qlinear distortion\*U) and amplitude/amplitude
distortion (level\(hydependent sensitivity) between the two types of
microphones.
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
Typical examples of results from comparative tests are given in
Figure\ D\(hy1/P.11. The diagrams show transmission performance measured as
articulation or mean opinion score (for conversation or listening only) as
functions of reference equivalent or
speech level
.
.PP
No general conclusion can be drawn from such results coming from
different sources and dealing with various makes of microphones, because the
individual effects of non\(hylinear distortion and of frequency and
amplitude\(hydependent sensitivity cannot be separated. Nevertheless, all three
examples indicate some improvement of the transmission performance when a
carbon\(hytype microphone is replaced by a linear microphone.
.PP
In the particular example \fIc)\fR | here is a significant improvement
at optimum
listening level
while there is no difference (or even negative difference) at low listening
levels. In that case, with room noise present and insufficient sidetone
loss (sidetone reference equivalent 1\(hy4\ dB for this test condition)
the inferior sensitivity of the specific type of
carbon
microphone
to sound in the
acoustic far\(hyfield
may be an
advantage.
.PP
For transmission over a bandwidth larger than the conventional
telephone band \(em\ and in particular for loudspeaker listening\ \(em
it is likely
that there is a more noticeable improvement in sound quality if
linear
microphones
are used instead of carbon microphones.
.RT
.LP
.rs
.sp 27P
.ad r
Blanc
.ad b
.RT
.LP
.bp
.LP
.rs
.sp 47P
.ad r
\fBFigure D\(hy1/P.11, p. 29\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.LP
.bp
.ce 1000
ANNEX\ E
.ce 0
.ce 1000
(to Recommendation P.11)
.sp 9p
.RT
.ce 0
.ce 1000
\fBQuantizing distortion of digital systems\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ce 0
.PP
To enable network planning for telephone speech transmission, it is convenient
to assign appropriate weights to any nonstandard
analogue/digital conversion process, transmultiplex pairs and processes
introducing digital loss. An appropriate method is to consider that 1\
unit of impairment
is assigned to an 8\(hybit A\(hy\ or\ \(*m\(hylaw codec pair to cover
quantizing distortion. A planning rule provisionally agreed is to allow
14\ units of impairment for an overall international connection, with up to
5\ units for each of the national extensions and 4\ units for the international
chain. Such a rule would allow 14\ tandem unintegrated 8\(hybit
processes.
.sp 1P
.RT
.LP
.PP
A subjective opinion model (see Supplement No.\ 3 at the end of
this Volume) provides results which indicate that the\ Q
.FS
Q\ is the ratio of speech power to speech\(hycorrelated noise power determined
subjectively by using the MNRU (Modulated Noise Reference Unit) (see the
Recommendation\ P.81).
Methods used for subjective assessment of codecs using the MNRU are outlined
in Supplement No.\ 14.
.FE
for an overall connection with 14\ unintegrated 8\(hybit
systems in tandem is about 20\ dB. The same model shows that one 7\(hybit
system
has the same Q as about three 8\(hybit systems. (This is based on the finding
that subjective Q\ values for digital systems combine on a 15\ log\d1\\d0\u\
basis,
i.e.\ 2\ digital systems each with a Q\ =\ 24.5\ dB would yield a Q\ =\
20\ dB when
connected asynchronously in tandem.) It is recommended that until further
information is available, 3\ units of impairment (3\ qdu) be assigned to
a 7\(hybit system on speech transmission quality.
.PP
The provisional values given in Table E\(hy1/P.11 for impairment unit
assignment are recommended for planning purposes. These assignments are
based on telephone speech considerations.
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ These preliminary conclusions are based on a limited
amount of information and the weights may be revised if new information
becomes
available.
.RT
.LP
.sp 1
.ce
\fBH.T. [T10.11]\fR
.ce
TABLE\ E\(hy1/P.11
.ce
\fBImpairment unit assignments for telephone speech transmission\fR
.ps 9
.vs 11
.nr VS 11
.nr PS 9
.TS
center box;
cw(96p) | cw(48p) | cw(48p) .
Process Number of impairment units Remarks
_
.T&
lw(96p) | cw(48p) | cw(48p) .
{
One 8\(hybit A\(hylaw or \(*m\(hylaw PCM
} 1 (Note 1)
.T&
lw(96p) | cw(48p) | cw(48p) .
{
7\(hybit PCM codec\(hypair (A\(hylaw or \(*m\(hylaw)
} 3 (Note 1)
.T&
lw(96p) | cw(48p) | cw(48p) .
{
One digital pad realized by manipulating 8\(hybit PCM code words
} 1 (Note 2)
.T&
lw(96p) | cw(48p) | cw(48p) .
One 32 kbit/s ADPCM\(hyV 3.5 (Note 3)
.TE
.LP
\fINote\ 1\fR
\ \(em\ For general planning purposes, half
the values indicated may be assigned to either of the send or receive parts.
.LP
\fINote\ 2\fR
\ \(em\ The impairment indicated is about the same for all digital pad
values in the range 1\(hy8 dB. One exception is the 6\ dB A\(hylaw pad which
introduces negligible impairment for signals down to about \(em30\ dBm0 and thus
attracts 0\ units of quantizing distortion.
.LP
\fINote\ 3\fR
\ \(em\ ADPCM\(hyV | | DPCM with adaptive predictor
(Recommendation\ G.721).
.nr PS 9
.RT
.ad r
\fB Table E\(hy1/P.11 [T10.11] p.\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.LP
.bp
.ce 1000
ANNEX\ F
.ce 0
.ce 1000
(to Recommendation P.11)
.sp 9p
.RT
.ce 0
.ce 1000
\fBEffects of nonlinear distortion on transmission performance\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.ce 0
.PP
The subjective effects of nonlinear distortion on real speech are highly
dependent on the exact form of the nonlinearity. Figure\ F\(hy1/P.11
gives some guidance on the degration introduced in terms of mean opinion
scores obtained in actual subjective tests carried out by BNR in 1982 and
1986 and by NTT in 1986, for two forms of generalized nonlinearity namely,
quadratic and
cubic.
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
The main point to note is that, for a given amount of distortion (expressed
in terms of the percentage of harmonic distortion of a sinusoidal
signal having the same r.m.s. level as speech), the subjective effect of
cubic nonlinearity is considerably more severe than that of quadratic nonlinearity.
.PP
The information given in Figure F\(hy1/P.11 was derived from experiments
based on a talker\(hyto\(hylistener path, and does not necessarily apply
to nonlinear distortion occurring in a talker sidetone path, where there
will be a masking effect of the undistorted speech signal.
.RT
.LP
.rs
.sp 23P
.ad r
\fBFigure F\(hy1/P.11, p.\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fBReferences\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.LP
[1]
CCITT\ \(em\ Contribution COM XII\(hyNo. 46,
Study Period\ 1981\(hy1984.
.LP
[2]
CCITT\ \(em\ Contribution COM XII\(hyNo. 84,
Study Period\ 1981\(hy1984.
.LP
[3]
CCITT\ \(em\ Contribution COM XII\(hyNo. 88,
Study Period\ 1981\(hy1984.
.LP
[4]
CCITT\ \(em\ Contribution COM XII\(hyNo. 173,
Study Period\ 1981\(hy1984.
.bp
.sp 2P
.LP
\fBRecommendation\ P.16\fR
.RT
.sp 2P
.ce 1000
\fBSUBJECTIVE\ EFFECTS\ OF\ DIRECT\ CROSSTALK;\fR
.EF '% Volume\ V\ \(em\ Rec.\ P.16''
.OF '''Volume\ V\ \(em\ Rec.\ P.16 %'
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fBTRESHOLDS\ OF\ AUDIBILITY\ AND\ INTELLIGIBILITY\fR
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fI(Geneva, 1972; amended at Geneva, 1976, 1980;\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fIMalaga\(hyTorremolinos, 1984; Melbourne, 1988)\fR
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.LP
\fB1\fR \fBFactors which affect the\fR
\fBcrosstalk threshold\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
The degree of audibility and intelligibility of a crosstalk signal depends
on a large number of factors.
.PP
The main factors influencing the intelligibility of the vocal
crosstalk signal are listed below.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1.1
\fIQuality of transmission of telephone apparatus\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
The sending and receiving loudness ratings arre decisive factors. The same
is true of the sidetone rating when room noise is present. The use of modern
telephone apparatus with smooth frequency response curves is
assumed.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1.2
\fICircuit noise\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
The circuit noise on the connection of the disturbed call must be taken
into account. The noise level is measured by a psophometer equipped with
a weighting network for telephone circuits, as described in
Recommendation\ O.41.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1.3
\fIRoom noise\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
Room noise affects the ear directly through earcap leakage between the
ear and the receiver and indirectly by sidetone. Sidetone also depends
on operating conditions. Unlike circuit noise, the effect of room noise
can be
reduced to some extent by the user of the telephone. For this reason, and to
allow for unfavourable cases, measurements on the audibility of crosstalk
have been made with slight room noise as well as with negligible room noise.
Because the audibility threshold is very sensitive to masking effects,
<<negligible>> room noise means a noise level well below 10\ dBA. The relatively
low noise level of 40\ dBA has a very marked masking effect and may therefore
serve as an example of \*Qslight\*U room noise.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1.4
\fITelephone set noise\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
In addition to the masking effects on crosstalk by circuit noise
and room noise, the internal noise of the telephone set in the disturbed
connection has to be considered. In modern telephone sets this noise is
generated in the electronic circuitry (amplifiers,\ etc.) while in older sets
the origin is noise from the carbon microphone. The internal noise can be
expressed and treated as an equivalent circuit noise.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1.5
\fIConversation on the disturbed connection\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
During active speech on the disturbed connection, practical levels of crosstalk
are inaudible. However, before the conversation starts or during long pauses
in the conversation, it is possible for crosstalk to be heard and perhaps
understood. In general, it would be unwise to plan on the basis that
the disturbed connection is always active; accordingly, the information
given in this Recommendation assumes no conversation on the disturbed
connection.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1.6
\fICrosstalk coupling\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
The
intelligibility of a vocal crosstalk signal
depends
largely on the nature of the crosstalk coupling, which is generally a function
of frequency.
.PP
The loudness rating of the crosstalk transmission path \(em\ from the
speech signal present on the disturbing line to the subscriber's set subject
to the disturbance\ \(em can be divided into the loudness loss of the crosstalk
path from the disturbing to the disturbed line and the receive loudness
rating of
the disturbed subscriber's set. Figure\ 1/P.16 illustrates this
subdivision.
.bp
.RT
.LP
.rs
.sp 29P
.ad r
\fBFigure 1/P.16, p.\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.PP
For a given speech level \fIV\fR\d\fIc\fR\u, the intelligibility of the
crosstalk signal depends on the loudness rating \fId\fR \ +\ \fIr\fR .
In
Recommendation\ G.111, \(sc\ A.4.4.4, the crosstalk receive loudness rating is
defined as:
\v'6p'
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fIXRLR\fR \
=\ \fIRLR\fR (\fIset\fR )\ +\ \fIL\fR\d\fIx\fR\u
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.LP
.sp 1
where \fIRLR\fR (\fIset\fR ) refers to the disturbed telephone set.
.PP
The crosstalk loudness \fIL\fR\d\fIx\fR\u | is computed as a loudness rating
but with the exponent m\ =\ l, which is valid near the audibility threshold.
.PP
In the absence of further information, the value of \fIL\fR\d\fIx\fR\umay be
approximately taken as the attenuation measured or calculated at a frequency
of 1020\ Hz.
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB2\fR \fBMedian\fR
\fBlistener threshold of the audibility and
intelligibility of vocal crosstalk\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
The curves in Figure 2/P.16 represent the crosstalk receive
loudness rating corresponding to the threshold of audibility and
intelligibility (XRLR\dt\u) as a function of circuit noise. For planning
purposes, it is recommended that room noise be regarded as negligible, which
represents the most unfavourable condition.
.bp
.RT
.LP
.rs
.sp 27P
.ad r
\fBFigure 2/P.16, p.\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.PP
The criterion for the threshold of audibility is that the presence of a
speech signal is only just detectable but that no part of the speech can
be understood. The criterion for the threshold of intelligibility is that
single words or phrases can sometimes be understood while listening to a
conversation.
.PP
The threshold curves represent median values for the two criteria such
that in each case 50% of subscriber's opinions are respectively above and
below the particular curve. The standard deviation for listeners has been
observed to lie in the range 4\ to 6\ dB and a value of 5\ dB is recommended
for planning
purposes. Typical response curves for a large sample of listeners for the
threshold criteria are shown in Figure\ 3/P.16 (no circuit noise). The
difference in XRLR between the two curves is about 12\ dB.
.RT
.PP
The results of the original experiments (from which the curves in Figure\
2/P.16 were drawn) were expressed in terms of speech level (e.g.\ in
Volume Units (VU)) and on that basis showed a satisfactory degree of
coherence.
.PP
However, earlier versions of Recommendation P.16 were based on the
assumption that there is a fixed relationship between the sending loudness
rating and the speech level on the line. This assumption required a correction
in the range of 11\ dB and is therefore not justified. Furthermore, speech
levels expressed in Volume Units appear to differ systematically as measured
in different countries on identical speech samples. Therefore, a fixed
speech
level on the disturbing line is assumed, independent of the send loudness
rating (SLR) of that circuit.
.PP
The thresholds given in Figure 2/P.16 are based on the assumption that
the speech level\ \fIV\fR\d\fIc\fR\u | under normal conversational conditions
is \(em18\ dBV
active speech level (measured according to Recommendation\ P.56) at the
terminal of the disturbing telephone set. This value is the estimated average
of the
conversational level in many countries at the send end of a connection with
fairly high overall loudness rating [between the optimum and the maximum
permitted (OLR)].
.bp
.RT
.LP
.rs
.sp 25P
.ad r
\fBFigure 3/P.16, p.\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.PP
The standard deviation of talking levels is fairly high. For
calculation purposes a value of \(*s\ =\ 5\ dB should be used.
.PP
To calculate the threshold value for a speech level different from
\(em18\ dBV, the XRLR\fI\fI\d\fIt\fR\uvalue should be corrected by the
amount of the
difference, with its sigh (higher levels require higher XRLR values, and
vice versa).
.PP
The value XRLR\fI\fI\d\fIt\fR\u | is the sum of the crosstalk path loudness
loss and the receiving loudness loss on the disturbed line. In order to
obtain the loudness loss of the crosstalk path, \fIL\fR\d\fIx\fR\u, for
a particular threshold value, the RLR(set) value has to be subtracted.
.PP
In general, for any speech level and receiving loudness rating,
\fIL\fR\d\fIx\fR\uis obtained from Figure 2/P.16 as:
\v'6p'
.RT
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fIL\fR\d\fIx\fR\u= \fIXRLR\fI\d\fIt\fR\u\(em \fIRLR\fR (\fIset\fR ) +
(18\ +\ \fIV\fR\d\fIc\fR\u)
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.LP
.sp 1
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB3\fR \fBEffects of room noise\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
Room noise reaches the listener's ear both by leakage under the
earcap of the telephone handset and by the sidetone path. For a given sidetone
the room noise can be converted to an equivalent circuit noise by means
of a
transmission model such as described in Supplement\ No.\ 3. A family of
conversion curves with sidetone loss as parameter is found in Figure\ 2
of this Supplement.
.PP
As an example, with a fairly high sidetone loss (the same as used in the
previous version of Recommendation\ P.16) a level of 40\ dBA room noise
is
equivalent to a circuit noise level of \(em85\ dBmp. This noise level reduces
the threshold XRLR value by about 8\ dB. An additional reduction will in
most cases be caused by earcap leakage.
.PP
However, the importance of this effect cannot be generally predicted, since
it depends both on the shape of the earcap and on user habits.
.bp
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB4\fR \fBCrosstalk probability\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
While the curves in Figure 2/P.16 present the median values for
various noise conditions, the curves ub Figure\ 3/P.16 represent the probability
of audible or intelligible crosstalk, in percent, for the negligible noise
condition. Similar probability curves can be derived from the median values
for any circuit noise condition by the use of cumulative normal distributions
with a standard deviation of 6\ dB.
.PP
In a more general case, the talker variance should also be added. The mean
speech level used in the calculations may be chosen to be lower than the
relatively high level assumed in Figure\ 2/P.16, e.g.\ \(em20\ dBV, which
is closer to the average level in the network. An example of such an overall
probability calculation is given in Annex\ A.
.PP
The threshold values of crosstalk loudness rating given in this
Recommendation can be used in different ways. One possible interpretation
is to require all normal telephone connections (i.e.\ faulty connections
excluded) to have crosstalk conditions between the two threshold criteria.
This means that, on the one hand, there is no point in requiring a higher
crosstalk attenuation than the one corresponding to the audibility threshold
and, on the other hand, that the intelligibility threshold should not be
exceeded.
.PP
Another interpretation is to set the requirement so that there is a
given small probability (e.g.\ 5%) that intelligible crosstalk can be
encountered with negligible room noise and with the lowest circuit noise
level found in the network. In practice, noise conditions are more favourable
in the sense that crosstalk quite often is masked by room and circuit noise
to the
extent of becoming inaudible. For the average of all connections the risk of
intelligible crosstalk will therefore be much smaller than the given percentage
for the most unfavourable condition.
.PP
Crosstalk requirements may not necessarily be the same for all parts of
the network. Although the maintenance of telephone secrecy is primordial,
the subscriber is more likely to make a severe judgment on crosstalk in
a local call taking place in his immediate environment and in which indiscretion
due to crosstalk may have unfortunate social consequences. The problem
of \*Qsocial
crosstalk\*U is dealt with in\ [1].
.PP
In practice, simultaneity of speaking on the disturbing line and
listening on the disturbed line (during conversation pauses) is not present
in all cases. Information concerning this topic and showing how ti calculate
the probabilities concerned will be found in\ [2].
.PP
As guidelines, the probabilities of subscribers encountering
potentially intelligible crosstalk should not be worse (i.e.\ higher) than
the following:
.RT
.LP
\(em
own exchange calls: 1 in 1000,
.LP
\(em
other calls: 1 in 100.
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ The fundamentals of calculating crosstalk probability
in general are considered in Recommendation\ G.105.
.ce 1000
ANNEX\ A
.ce 0
.ce 1000
(to Recommendation P.16)
.sp 9p
.RT
.ce 0
.ce 1000
\fBExample of probability calculation\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ce 0
.PP
The probability of understanding single words of a
conversation overheard by crosstalk may be calculated for a listener chosen
at random from a population of subscribers. The result of such a calculation
can be used as a basis for establishing rules for, inter alia, the minimum
required crosstalk attenuation between subscriber lines in a national network.
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
In order to demonstrate the method of using the information given in this
Recommendation to calculate the probability of encountering
(intelligible) crosstalk, the following assumptions may be made:
.LP
Mean speech level \fIV\fR\d\fIc\fR\u= \(em20 dBV;
.LP
Receive loudness rating of telephone sets \fIRLR\fR (\fIset\fR ) = \(em6 dB;
.LP
No room or circuit noise;
.LP
Standard deviation of talking levels \(*s\fI\fI\d\fIT\fR\u= 5 dB;
.LP
Standard deviation of listener response distribution
\(*s\fI\fI\d\fIL\fR\u= 6\ dB;
.LP
Standard deviation of \fIRLR\fR (\fIset\fR ) \(*s\fI\fI\d\fIs\fR\u= 1 dB.
.PP
The threshold value for crosstalk intelligibility without noise, taken
from Figure\ 2/P.16 is \fIXRLR\fI\d\fIt\fR\u= 67\ dB.
.bp
.PP
According to the formula at the end of \(sc\ 2 and with the given
assumptions, the required median crosstalk path loudness loss
becomes:
\v'6p'
.RT
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fIL\fR\d\fIx\fR\u= 67 + 6 \(em 2 = 71 dB.
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.PP
.sp 1
The total standard deviation of the probability function
is:
\v'6p'
.ad r
.ad b
.RT
.PP
With these values of \fIL\fR\d\fIx\fR\u | and \(*s, a cumulative normal
distribution function as in Figure\ A\(hy1/P.16 can be drawn. The function
indicates the probability that a listener can understand single words if
crosstalk for a specific value of the crosstalk path loudness loss. For
example, for \fIL\fR\d\fIx\fR\u\ =\ 75 the probability is\ 30%. On the
other hand, to obtain only 5% probability a crosstalk path loudness loss
of 84\ dB would be necessary. For 1% probability, 89\ dBwould be required,
as well as 95\ dB for 0.1%
probability.
.PP
This calculation was based on some typical values of speech level and receiving
sensitivity under noise\(hyfree conditions. Similar calculations can
easily be made with other data, also including the effects of noise. For a
realistic estimation of the probability of intelligible crosstalk for
subscribers in general, some statistical distribution of circuit noise (and
possibly of room noise at the subscriber's locations) will have to be
assumed.
.RT
.LP
.rs
.sp 32P
.ad r
\fBFigure A\(hy1/P.16, p.\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.LP
.bp
.sp 2P
.LP
\fBReferences\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.LP
[1]
WILLIAMS (H.), SILOCOCK (W. | .), SIBBALD (D.): Social crosstalk in the
local area network, \fIEl. Comm.\fR , Vol.\ 49, No.\ 4, London,\ 1974.
.LP
[2]
LAPSA (P. | .): Calculation of multidisturber crosstalk probabilities,
\fIBSTJ\fR , Vol.\ 55, No.\ 7, New York,\ 1976.
.LP
.rs
.sp 48P
.ad r
Blanc
.ad b
.RT
.LP
.bp